CAB An alternative term for a flat. See FLAT

CALENDER A machine with which paper or cloth is given a smoothed, glazed finish by passing it between two or more revolving cylinders. In the case of paper, this may be on, or apart from, the paper machine. See also CALENDERING SUPERCALENDERED PAPER

CALENDERED PAPER Paper that has a smooth and glossy finish as the result of calendering during its manufacture. The effect produced by the polished metal calender rollers is caused by friction, temperature, and pressure. See also CALENDER ROLLS PAPER UNCALENDERED

CALENDERING The act or process of passing a single continuous sheet of paper, or another material, between a number of pairs of heated steel cylinders to increase the smoothness of the paper, or other material. Calendering is also used in the manufacture of textile fabrics, coated fabrics, and plastic sheeting. Also termed web glazing. See also CALENDAR ROLLS GLAZING PAPER MACHINE FINISHED UNCALENDERED

CALENDER ROLLS A stack of horizontal steel rolls in pairs located at the end of a papermaking machine and used to impart a smooth, glossy finish to the paper. Calendar rolls are manufactured from steel and have a hardened surface. They typically exert a pressure of 500 pounds per linear inch in paper production. See also CALENDERED PAPER CALENDERING

CALF Calfskin leather. In book binding, the term denotes the leather from calfskin, a material often used for leather binding. See also BINDING MOROCCO VELLUM.

CALIBRATE To adjust a device or equipment to a standard measure or known conditions in order to produce consistent and predictable results. Calibration is frequently undertaken for devices that change color or lose brightness over time, such as monitors, or for printers and other printing devices that may give different results when inks or paper stock is changed. This is necessary to ensure proper reproduction of the desired halftones and tints, etc. See also DENSITOMETER MONITOR CALIBRATION

CALIBRATION BARS A strip of color/tonal values ranging from 0% to 100%, in 10% increments, on a press sheets, proofs, or negatives. Calibration bars are used to check quality. Providers of prepress services use them to measure screen percentages in printing and proofing. See COLOR CONTROL STRIP QUALITY CONTROL

CALIPER A term used to denote the thickness of a three-dimensional depth, such as a sheet of paper, board, or even a tree. Paper thickness is usually measured in thousandths of an inch (mils). The thickness of a single sheet of board is also measured in thousandths of an inch, but expressed in points. (One point equals one thousandth of an inch and is not to be confused with the points used to express the size of type. One point of the latter type is equal to 0.0138 inches.). Caliper is also the name of the instrument used to measure the thickness. See also BULK MICROMETER PAPER QUALITY CONTROL

CALL OUTS Letters, numbers, bullets, or other symbols or elements used to draw attention to a particular part of an illustration, or to emphasize certain features of something in an illustration or presentation. Also, vertical or connecting lines or arrows to point to aspects of a graphic or presentation. Finally, a word or text that identifies or amplifies a portion of an illustration. See also EMPHASIS SYMBOL FONT

CAMERA READY A term to describe completely finished black and white art, or a black and white mechanical (or imagesetter output), that is ready for use in burning a printing plate. All typesetting is done and any pictures or art have been pasted in. It is free of imperfections or irregularities. No further pre-press work is required. The term applies to any copy or artwork, etc., that is ready for photographic reproduction. Camera ready is also termed finished art or finished artwork

The term also denotes the stage In publishing at which a document is prepared to be sent to a printer. The latter photographs the camera-ready material and then uses the photograph to make printing plates. Some computer applications can generate camera-ready documents without the need for a manual layout and paste-up of elements onto boards. See also ARTWORK MECHANICAL PASTE0UP BOARD:

CAMERA-READY ART Any artwork that is ready to be submitted for photography and subsequent printing. A completely prepared paste-up that is free of imperfections and requires no further work. Print ready mechanical art. The term is frequently used in reference to black and white artwork. See also BLACK AND WHITE CAMERA READY COPY MECHANICAL PASTE-UP

CAMERA-READY COPY (CRC) A finished printed manuscript or text ready to be photographed by a printer for reproduction and subsequent printing. It is black and white artwork intended to be photographed by a process camera, transformed to negatives, and used to prepare printing plates. Although the black and white artwork is converted directly to printing plates in a direct-to-plate system, the term camera ready copy is generally used for film negatives or positives of mechanical art, or any material ready for photography in the process of creating printing plates. Camera-ready copy may consist of: line copy or continuous-tone copy. See also CONTINUOUS TONE COPY DESKTOP PUBLISHING (DTP) LINE COPY

CANCEL LEAF A term that denotes a new leaf in a book, often the title page, that incorporates changes, which have been made since the book was printed, and replaces an old page, which has been cut out. The cancel leaf is glued onto the narrow stub of the old leaf that remained. LEAF ISSUE TITLE PAGE

CAP HEIGHT A term used in reference to uppercase letters within a font, cap height is the height of capital letters, measured in points, from the baseline. See also BASELINE FONT POINT UPPERCASE X-HEIGHT

CAP LINE In typography, an imaginary horizontal line resting on the top of characters in a line of type, excluding any ascenders. The x height of a font is the distance between its baseline and its cap line, excluding ascenders, such as used in the letters b, d, f, h, k, l, and t. It is also known as the cap size. See also ASCENDER BASELINE CHARACTER DESCENDER FONT

CAPITALS Capital letters. Upper-case letters. Letters that are presented in a size larger than the corresponding lower-case letters. The terms capital, majuscule, and uppercase refer to the same thing. Many prefer capitals for the first words of sections of stories.

Historically, capitals are a remnant of a period when all words were written in the form of so-called "roman" letters, our present capitals. Over time, efforts to write these characters with more ease and grace led to the development of miniscule letters, from which our present lower-case alphabets evolved. However, the original form of the letters was retained for headings (in Latin, capita) and for giving emphasis or distinction to certain words, particularly to the names of the great and powerful. From this came the practice to begin each sentence with a capital. See also LOWERCASE MAJUSCULE MINISCULE SMALL CAPS UPPERCASE UPSTYLE

CAPS A shortened form of capital letters. The term, all caps, indicates that all letters must be capitalized. See also CAPITALS CASE-SENSITIVE UPPERCASE

CAPS AND SMALL CAPS A notation on a manuscript calling for a style of type that employs two sizes of capitals in one typesize. The regular capital letters are used in the normal way, but the body copy uses capital letters of slightly smaller size, rather than a lowercase type.

CAPTION The line of text accompanying or describing an illustration, or identifying a picture. It is the title, legend or short description below a photograph, graphic, table, or illustration. Also called a cutline, or sometimes, a legend.

The term caption has traditionally been used to denote a title placed above or below an illustration, whereas a legend described its subject. (Legend has also been used in reference to the key to symbols on a map) However, in book or magazine publishing today, both words are used to explain an illustration. In newspaper publishing, every illustration is called a cut (a synonym for engraving), a reflection of how pictures used to be reproduced. The words accompanying cuts are termed cutlines. Headings are called catchlines. See also CREDIT LINE CUTLINE LEGEND

CARBONLESS COPY PAPER An alternative to carbon paper that consists of a paper coated with chemicals and dye. It translates pressure into a dye reaction to transfer the image to another sheet of paper. The bottom side of the carbonless carbon paper is coated with a colorless dye in tiny gelatin capsules. Pressure from a typewriter or pen on the sheet causes the capsules to break, letting the dye mix with a reactive chemical in the bottom sheet. This produces the blue or black copy. The primary use of carbonless copy paper is in the manufacture of continuous form sets. It is also called NCR paper meaning no carbon required. See also CARBON PAPER NCR PAPER PAPER

CARBON PAPER A thin tissue paper that is coated on one side with a waxy preparation of carbon black or other material, which is transferred to a sheet of paper underneath when pressure is applied. Carbon paper is used to produce carbon copies on dot-matrix printers and, formerly, typewriters. It is inserted between two sheets of plain paper with the waxy side of the carbon paper facing the side of the page to which the text, or other image, will be transferred. The carbon paper reproduces on the lower page that text or other material that is typed or written on the uppermost page. Carbon paper is also termed carbon tissue. See also DECOLLATE

CARBON RIBBON A ribbon used for printing by impact printers and typewriters. It consists of a thin strip of Mylar that has been coated on one side with a carbon film. The carbon ribbon produces characters that are crisp and without the fuzziness related to inked cloth ribbons. A carbon ribbon is also called film ribbon or mylar ribbon. See also CLOTH RIBBON DAISY-WHEEL PRINTER IMPACT PRINTER MYLAR RIBBON CARTRIDGE

CARDING A term dating to the days of lead type. It is used in reference to the addition of a small amount of leading between lines by inserting a piece of paper or thin cardboard. This gave rise to the phrase, "to card a column." See also LEADING

CARDBOARD See BOARD

CARET A symbol (^) normally found on computer keyboards over the number 6 key. Caret can be used in writing to represent the Ctrl key, as in "press ^C. The caret is also used in some programming languages as "raised to the power of," as in 4 ^ 3 (4 raised to the 3rd power). It serves also as a proofreader's mark to indicate where to insert copy, or to the printer to indicate the need to insert copy at the designated point. A caret is also called a hat. See also PROOFREADER'S MARK SYMBOL FONT

CARRIER A term denoting an organization that provides a delivery or shipping service, such as USPS, Fedex, UPS, Roadway, etc. Also, in direct mail, the outer envelope of a mailing package. That is, the envelope that contains the letter, offer, order form, return envelope, etc. See also COLLECT ON DELIVERY MAILER MAIL ORDER

CARTRIDGE Any of various small, self-contained, removable modules or containers that consist of a plastic case containing ink, a ribbon, toner for a printer, or a data storage medium to provide additional memory or that contains fonts. A ROM cartridge, tape cartridge, toner cartridge. Cartridge also denotes a heavy, general purpose paper used for wrapping, drawing, or printing. See also CARTRIDGE FONT INK CARTRIDGE

CARTRIDGE FONT A printer font supplied as a ROM (read-only memory) cartridge that plugs into a receptacle on some laser, ink-jet, or high-end dot-matrix printers. A cartridge font consumes no space in the printer's random access memory (RAM) and is available immediately to the printer. In contrast, internal fonts are contained in the printer's random access memory and are available immediately. Downloadable (soft) fonts reside on the disk, but can be sent to the printer when required. The popular cartridges contain many fonts. However, the ready availability of scalable TrueType fonts in Microsoft Windows has diminished the popularity of cartridge fonts. See also FONT INTERNAL FONT RESIDENT FONT TRUETYPE

CASE The cover of a hardbound book. It consists of a front and back cover made from binder board, a piece of material to support the spine, and a covering of cloth or paper. See also BINDER BOARD CASEMAKER CASING COVER HARD-BOUND SPINE

CASE BIND An alternate term for case binding. See CASE BINDING

CASE BINDING A term for hardcover. A type of binding used to make hardcover books. The cover is made separately. It consists of rigid or flexible boards covered on the outside, and edges of the board, by cloth, paper, or other material. The covers always project beyond the pages that they cover. Also called edition binding or hardcover binding. See also HARDCOVER THREE-PIECE CASE

CASE-BOUND A hardcover book manufactured with stiff outer covers. The cases (covers) are usually made separately from hard (stiff) boards covered with cloth, vinyl or leather. Also called a cloth cover book, hardback book, hard-bound book, or hard cover book. See also HARDBACK HARD-BOUND HARDCOVER

CASED Another term to describe a hardback book. It comes from the word, case, into which the book block is inserted after binding. See also BOOK BLOCK.

CASEMAKER A person or machine that produces finished cases for books, using paper or cloth, boards, and backstripping that have been pre-cut to proper size. See also CASE

CASE-SENSITIVE A computer application that discriminates between uppercase and lowercase is called case-sensitive. See also LOWERCASE UPPERCASE

CASH BASIS The accounting method under which a taxpayer reports for the year or accounting period only income actually received and expenses actually paid. Income earned, but not yet received, and expenses incurred, but not yet paid, are not included. However, not all cash receipts are necessarily income. Loan proceeds received do not constitute income. Similarly, cash received by a corporation on the sale of capital stock does not constitute income. The cash basis is the method by which most individuals determine taxable income. It is sometimes called the cash method of reporting. See also ACCOUNTING METHOD ACCOUNTING PERIOD ACCRUAL BASIS

CASH DISCOUNT A discount offered to a company's customers as an incentive to pay their invoices within a specified period (e.g., ten days from date of invoice). The cash discount terms usually appear on the invoice as 2/10 net 30. This means that 2% of the invoice amount may be deducted if payment of the balance is made within ten days of the invoice date and that, in any event, the invoice is payable within a period of thirty days from the date it was prepared. See also NET SALES TERMS

CASH ON DELIVERY (COD) See COLLECT ON DELIVERY

CASING A case or covering. Also, material for a case or covering. In addition, the tem describes the act or operation of binding. This includes applying paste or glue to the book's endsheets, inserting the sewn, trimmed text into the case, and holding the books firmly while drying. See also BINDING CASE

CAST A slight tinge of a color, hue or shade. In printing, it is sometimes used to denote an unwanted shade of color present in an image. See also HUE SHADE

CAST COATED PAPER Art paper having an exceptionally glossy reflective finish, usually only on one side. The paper is coated and then dried under pressure against a highly polished, chromium-plated drying cylinder, which imparts the hard enamel-like high-gloss finish. See also ART PAPER GLOSS PAPER

CAST OFF To calculate how much space a manuscript will require when typeset. Also, the result of this determination. See also COPYFITTING LINE LENGTH WORD COUNT

CATALOG A booklet or multipage list of items available for purchase with details, including descriptions, photographs, prices, and other ordering information. In library science, a list of the contents of one or more libraries, arranged in accordance with any of various systems. See also LIBRARY

CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION (CIP) DATA Bibliographic: Information supplied by the Cataloging in Publication Department of the Library of Congress in Washington, DC, for printing on the copyright page of a new book. A machine-readable version of the record is also distributed to libraries, book dealers, and bibliographic networks via the Library's MARC (Machine Readable Cataloging) Distribution Service. The purpose of the Cataloging in Publication (CIP) program is to prepare prepublication cataloging records for the books most likely to be widely acquired by the nation's libraries. The CIP information is of assistance to libraries in shelving books appropriately. See also COPYRIGHT PAGE LIBRARY OF CONGRESS LIBRARY OF CONGRESS CONTROL NUMBER

CATCHLINE A word, phrase, or sentence used particularly in journalism and advertising to arouse interest in an item or call attention to it. Also, a line containing a catchword. In addition, a line that is less important and is set shorter, or in smaller type, than the lines above or below it. Finally, a term for a temporary headline for purposes of identification at the top of a galley proof. See also CAPTION GALLEYS

CD An abbreviation for compact disk, such as a CD-ROM or CD-REWRITABLE. See CD-ROM CD-RW

CD-ROM An acronym for compact disk read-only memory, a read-only optical storage technology that uses compact disks and laser optics, rather than magenetic means, to read the data. It is used to store and retrieve digital, visual, and audio information. The technology was generally used first for encyclopedias, dictionaries, and software, but is commonly used today for multimedia applications and the distribution of software. Individual disks are generally 5¼" in diameter and can store up to 650 megabytes of data. The term is also used to denote the CD (compact disk) itself. The standard disk can be read many times, but cannot be written over or erased. See also E-BOOK ELECTRONIC PUBLISHING MAGNETIC MEDIA

CD-RW The acronym for compact disk-rewritable. This refers to a type of compact disk (CD) that can be recorded several times. See also MAGNETIC MEDIA

CEDILLA A mark (¸) placed under a consonant letter, as under c in French, Portuguese, and, formerly, Spanish to indicate a change in pronunciation. In French, the cedilla is used primarily to soften the letter c (ç). See also ACCENT PUNCTUATION

CENTER To center justify. That is, to align characters around a point located in the center of a line, page, or other designated area. this causes text to be placed an equal distance from each margin or border. See also ALIGN CENTER JUSTIFICATION CHARACTER JUSTIFICATION OPTICAL CENTER

CENTERED Another term for center justification. See CENTER JUSTIFICATION.

CENTER JUSTIFICATION Page justification in which the text in a document is centered on the page between the left and right margins. The text is vertically aligned on an imaginary page center-line. The edges of text closest to both left and right page margins are ragged. Center justification is used for titles and special effects. See also JUSTIFICATION

CENTER MARKS The lines on a mechanical, negative, plate, or press sheet that designate the center as an aid in positioning the elements or image. See also REGISTRATION MARKS

CENTER SPREAD The two facing pages located in the center of a signature or exact center of a magazine. The two pages of a center spread share the same sheet of paper. Also termed natural spread. See also FACING PAGE SIGNATURE

CHAD In computing and word processing, the small paper disks created as a result of punching holes in a card, paper tape, or the (perforated) edges of continuous-form paper. See also CONTINUOUS PAPER FANFOLD PAPER

CHALKING A powder effect on the surface of printed paper, which is caused by the failure of ink to dry satisfactorily. In turn, this is caused by the paper's (too) rapid absorption of the ink, leaving pigment behind. Chalking is also called powdering or dusting. See also ABSORPTION INK

CHAPBOOK A small inexpensive book or booklet, usually paperback, or a pamphlet that contains poetry, ballads, popular tales, a religious tract, or other material. It may be one in a series of books. Chapbooks were first produced in the 17th century, but have continued into the modern eras. They were originally sold by chapmen (peddlers) and hawkers. See also BOOK COLPORTEUR

CHAPTER One of the discrete, self-contained segments into which the text in a book is usually divided. A main division of a book. Chapters normally bear a title and/or number. If numbered, the chapter usually uses an Arabic numeral (e.g., Chapter 1, 2, 3). They usually begin on a verso; but sometimes begin simply on the next following page, whether recto or verso. In some books, the chapter does not even begin on a new page, but simply continues on the same page on which the previous chapter ended. See also PARAGRAPH PARTS RECTO SECTION TABLE OF CONTENTS VERSO

CHAPTER HEADINGS Headings printed above the text on the opening page of each chapter. See also HEADING

CHARACTER In matters concerning computers, an individual letter, number, punctuation mark, symbol, control code, or space, consisting of one byte of information, that is produced on screen or put in operation by pressing a key (or key combination) on the keyboard. Not all characters are visible. A space is a character. Further, various formatting instructions are characters. In a broader sense, the word, character, refers to the smallest unit of a written language that has a semantic value and corresponds approximately to a letter. It refers to the general concept, rather than any particular shape. See also APEX ARM ASCII BOWL BYTE CAP LINE COUNTER EAR DIPHTHONG EYE GLYPH INFERIOR CHARACTER INTEGER LETTER LINK NATIONAL CHARACTER STEM STROKE SUBSCRIPT TAIL TERMINAL UMLAUT WORD

CHARACTER COUNT The number of characters; including letters, numbers, spaces, symbols, and punctuation marks in a line, paragraph, or other portion of a particular text. Counting the characters is the first step in copyfitting. See CHARACTER COPYFITTING PITCH LINE LENGTH WORD COUNT

CHARACTER DENSITY In printing, a term used in reference to the number of characters per unit of linear distance or area. See CHARACTERS PER INCH PITCH

CHARACTERS PER INCH (CPI) A unit of typographical measurement for comparing the widths of different typefaces. Typefaces of the same point size can differ in width. The characters per inch is the number of characters of a type of specified size and font, that fit into a space that is one inch in length. The number of characters per inch is affected by the font's point size and the width of the letters. Although monospace font characters have a constant width, the characters in proportional fonts have varying widths. Therefore, the CPI is best used with fixed-pitch fonts, such as Courier or Prestige. Proportional typefaces are commonly measured vertically in points. See also CHARACTER COPYFITTING FIXED PITCH MONOSPACE FONT MONOSPACING PITCH PROPORTIONAL FONT PROPORTIONAL SPACING TYPEFACE

CHARACTER PRINTER A term for any printer that prints only one character at a time. This type includes the daisy-wheel printer and standard dot-matrix printer. Also, a printer that is unable to print graphics. Compare with DOT-MATRIX PRINTER DAISY WHEEL PRINTER GRAPHICS PRINTER PAGE PRINTER

CHARACTER SET A grouping of alphabetic, numeric, and other characters that have some relationship in common. For example, the standard ASCII character set includes letters, numbers, symbols, and control codes that make up the ASCII coding scheme. Alternatively, all characters available in a particular font. - alphabetic, numeric, symbols, punctuation, and special.

Each character is represented by a number that is recognizable by computer hardware and software. For example, the ASCII character set uses the numbers 0 through 127 to represent all English characters and special control characters. See also ALPHANUMERIC ASCII CHARACTER EXPERT FONTS EXTENDED TYPE

CHARACTERS PER SECOND A measure of the speed of an ink-jet printer or an impact printer, such as a dot-matrix printer. That is, the number of characters that it can print in one second. The speed at which a modem transmits information is also measured in characters per second, although bits per second (bpi) is the common measure. See also IMPACT PRINTER INK-JET PRINTER

CHARACTER STYLE A term used in reference to an attribute applied to a character, such as underlining, italics, bolding, small caps, and font. See also CHARACTER STYLE

CHASE A rectangular iron frame used in the days of hot metal type to secure composed metal type and blocks (engravings) in position for printing or platemaking. See GUTENBERG

CHECK COPY See F&G

CHECKER In book binding, the employee who checks folded sections against the assembly instructions prior to the binding operation. Individual pages are checked checked against the finished pages for accuracy. See also QUALITY CONTROL SECTION

CHEMICAL PULP Pulp that has been made by the sulfate process. Most chemical wood pulp is produced by this process. Chips from de-barked logs are dissolved in caustic soda (sodium hydroxide) and sulfur with heat and pressure. This leaves a strong brown pulp, commonly termed kratt. The brown color results from the effect of the chemicals on the lignin and wood sap. After leaving the digester, pulp is screened and washed. Then it is shredded into small pieces. Coloring, sizing, and fillers are added. Sizing makes paper strong enough to be printed on. At this point, the pulp is ready for use in papermaking. It is termed furnish. However, its more common name is kraft - the German word for strong.

Chemical pulping uses less energy than does mechanical pulping. Further, the recovery boiler generation and controlled burning of bark and other residues in modern mills make it a net energy producer. However, chemical pulp produces a strong liquid effluent requiring treatment. Chemical pulp is also called wood-free pulp, to mean free from mechanical wood, or ground wood-free". See also KRAFT PULP PULP MECHANICAL PULP PAPER WOOD-FREE PAPER

CHILDREN'S NOVEL A novel that has been written for the entertainment of children and contains:a child or other character with whom a child can identify, a theme designed for children, and/or vocabulary and sentence structure suitable for a young reader. See also NOVEL

CHINA CLAY Kaolin. A non-toxic, non-polluting mineral used as a filler and a coating pigment in papermaking. This fine, white clay is used also in ceramics and refractories. See also ART PAPER COATING PAPER

CHIPBOARD A thin, stiff, inexpensive, low-grade, single-ply cardboard made from waste paper and used for backing for notepads and padded forms, stiffeners for photographs, etc. Its color is usually gray or brown.

CHOKE A trapping technique in which one color area is made slightly smaller to compensate for misregistration on press. It is used with a spread, another trapping technique in which another color area is made slightly larger. The technique causes dark color areas to slightly overlap adjacent lighter color areas to prevent unwanted space between them. in negative preparation, to choke means to reduce the thickness of the printing - to create a shrunk negative, the opposite of a spread negative. See also SPREAD TRAP TRAPPING MISREGISTRATION

CHORD In desktop publishing, a straight line segment that connects two points on a curve or arc, usually end points.

CHRISTIAN NOVEL A novel involving Christianity, directly or indirectly, and often containing a story relating to evangelism, Christian life, or conversion. The plot may be directly religious or allegorical or symbolic. Christian novels have not generally been perceived as being among the greatest literary works of Western literature. See also NOVEL

CHROMA A term used in reference to purity of color that is free from gray or white. The lack of dilution of the intensity of color. Pure color. See also ACHROMATIC PANCHROMATIC

CHROME An alternative term for transparency. See TRANSPARENCY

CICERO A unit of measurement of typefaces in Europe, a Cicero equals 12 Didot points, which are slightly larger the American and British points. The cicero is 4.55 millimeters in length (0.178 inches) and slightly larger than a pica. The Cicero derivers its name from the type that was created for a 15th-century edition of Cicero's De Oratore. See also DIDOT POINT PICA POINT

CIP PAGE The page of the book or publication that contains the Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data. This is usually the page carrying the copyright information. See CATALOGING-IN-PUBLICATION DATA COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT PAGE

CIRCULAR A letter, advertisement, or notice intended for distribution to the general public for business or other purposes. Often, it is inserted into a newspaper for delivery to the latter's readers. See also BROADSHEET FLYER

CIRCULATING LIBRARY A lending library. See LENDING LIBRARY

CIRCULATION The number of subscribers of a newspaper, magazine, or other periodical. The average number of copies of a stated or average issue that are distributed to readers. This excludes unsold copies returned by newsstand distributors. The term is generally used in reference to the number of copies distributed to subscribers, but can equally include sales by newsstands and bulk deliveries (e.g., to hotels, airlines, etc.). Broadcast is the term used to denote the size of television or radio audiences.

CIRCUMLOCUTION An indirect or roundabout way of expressing oneself. Indirect, lengthy, or verbose writing. Making use of many words when a few would suffice.

CLASSIFIED AD An advertisement which contains only copy, usually set in small type and one column wide. Classified ads are brief, contain no illustrations, and have little white space. The purchase price of the space is usually based on the number of words or agate lines. Classified ads are usually grouped with others of the same purpose in a specific advertising section of the newspaper or magazine, etc. They are often purchased by individuals and deals with houses, used automobiles, or other objects for sale. Classified ads stand in contrast to display ads that utilize illustrations. See also AGATE LINE DISPLAY AD

CLEAN COPY A manuscript or copy that is ready to be typeset. It should be free of errors, proofreading marks, and smudges. Alternatively, typeset copy that is error-free. See also DIRTY COPY PROOFREADER'S MARKS

CLEAN-UP A term to describe all tasks, which are necessary to restore a department or press to its condition prior to its last use, following the completion of a printing run, binding operation, or other operation. The process of cleaning up. This includes putting away unused materials, picking up all pieces of trim and other scrap items destined for refuse, and whing down or wiping clean the soiled parts of machinery, floor, etc. See also INK MIST MAKE-READY WASHUP

CLEAT BLIND An alternative term for side stitch. See SIDE-WIRE STITCHING

CLICHÉ A trite, overused and worn out expression or phrase, conveying a popular thought or idea, which has become part of our language, but is no longer fresh or original. It has long lost its originality and impact due to overuse. A writer, who uses clichés, may be perceived to be coasting - putting insufficient effort into his craft. See also HACK JOURNALESE STYLE

CLICK ART Files of art in electronic form that are available on disks and geared to a variety of interests, such as personal business, children, etc., are sometimes termed click art. See also CLIP ART

CLIMAX In a dramatic or literary work, a decisive moment of maximum intensity, or one which represents a major turning point in the plot. The last of a sequence of events, ideas, or situations, which have built up to this moment. The culmination. The conclusion to the literary voyage. Also, to come to a climax. See also ANTICLIMAX EPLIOGUE PLOT SUSPENSE

CLIP ART A collection of line drawings or other illustrations or graphics available for purchase and usually unlimited use and reproduction. Clip art illustrations, in color or black and white, may be available printed on glossy paper ready for insertion into mechanical art, or in one or more file formats on a disk or diskette for insertion into common word processing or desktop publishing programs. They enable nonartists to enhance their documents with professional looking illustrations or graphics. Clip art may consist of drawings, maps, public domain photographs, or other graphics. It is inexpensive, easy to use, and of good quality. Some clip art is available free of charge. Before digital art was offered, clip art was sold in books. The images wren clipped from the pages as required and pasted into the layout. This is how clip art derived its name. Clip art is also termed standard artwork, clip art, and stock art. See also DESKTOP PUBLISHING GRAPHIC

CLIPBOARD A holding area or buffer that temporarily stores information that has been cut or copied from a document for pasting elsewhere in the same or another document. The clipboard is a memory feature that facilitates the transfer of information from one document or program to another compatible one. Information held on the clipboard is overwritten if any new information added. This feature is supported by both the Macintosh and Windows operating systems. See also CUT AND PASTE PASTE

CLIPPING SERVICE A company that receives and reviews various newspapers and periodicals in order to collect articles of interest to its clients. The clients specify the subject areas of interest.

CLIPS Samples of the published works of a writer for use by editors to evaluate his writing skills. Clips are sometimes referred to as tear sheets. See QUERY LETTER TEARSHEET

CLOSE REGISTER See HAIRLINE REGISTER

CLOSE UP In proofreading, a proof reader's mark to designate space between characters, words, or other elements to delete. In graphic arts, to move type or graphic elements closer together (by removing intervening space). In photography, the term describes a photograph taken at close range, or with a long focal-length lens on a relatively large scale. Also termed close shot. Finally, in writing, an intimate view or presentation of anything. See also PROOFREADER'S MARKS STYLE

CLOTH A fabric formed by weaving, felting, etc. from wool, silk, cotton, or other fiber. In book binding, cloth is the material generally used, along with binder boards, for the binding, or casing, of books. See also BINDER BOARD BOOK CLOTH BUCKRAM CASE CASE-BOUND COVER MATERIALS CLOTH GRADES GRAY GOODS MULL NON-WOVEN MATERIAL

CLOTH RIBBON A term for an inked ribbon used by impact printers and typewriters. When the printing element strikes the ribbon, driving it against the paper, ink transfers to the paper ink. The ribbon then advances in order that fresh ink is available. When very crisp output is required, a cloth ribbon is sometimes replaced by film ribbon. However, unlike a film ribbon, a cloth ribbon is good for many impressions. The cloth ribbon comes in a cartridge that fits into the printer, or wrapped on a spool. See also CARBON RIBBON IMPACT PRINTER RIBBON CARTRIDGE

CMY The acronym for cyan-magenta-yellow, a model for describing colors that are produced by absorbing light, as paper absorbs ink, rather than by emitting light, as a video monitor does. The three kinds of cone cells in the eye respond to red, green, and blue light, which are absorbed from light by cyan, magenta, and yellow pigments, respectively. Pigments of these subtractive primary colors can be mixed in varying proportions to obtain the appearance of any color. Mixing all three in equal proportions creates black. See also ADDITIVE PRIMARY COLORS CMYK RGB SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY COLORS

CMYK Short for cyan, magenta, yellow, and black. (K is used to prevent confusion with blue.) These are the subtractive primary colors, or process colors, used in color printing. Black is added to enhance color and contrast. Most printing presses combine these four colors of inks to give many different shades. Accordingly, printing, which uses inks of these four basic colors, is called four-color printing.

Display devices (television screen, computer monitor) use a color model called RGB, which represents Red-Green-Blue. Converting RGB colors into CMYK colors, so that what is printed looks the same as what appears on the monitor, can be a difficult aspect of desktop publishing. See also ADDITIVE PRIMARY COLORS LAYDOWN SEQUENCE PROCESS COLOR RGB SPOT COLOR SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY COLORS

COARSE SCREEN A screen used in the halftone creation process that has 100 or fewer ruled lines per inch. Screens of 65 and 85 lines per inch are common. Coarse screens derive their name from their use when printing on coarse newspaper-types of paper. On such paper, the small dots produced by finer halftone screens (e.g., 120 lines per inch or more) would print poorly. See also HALFTONE LINES PER INCH RESOLUTION SCREEN

COASTLINE A top or bottom edge of a letter. Upper-case letters have straight coastlines, whereas lower-case letters have irregular or varying coastlines. See also LETTER LOWERCASE UPPERCASE.

COATED ONE SIDE (C1S) A term that denotes a paper stock that has been coated or finished on only one side. It is smooth on one side. The particular grade is often used for book covers. See also COATED TWO SIDES PAPER

COATED PAPER Any printing paper that has received a uniform surface coating of china clay and other mineral or chemical substances to achieve a smoother, more even surface with greater opacity, brightness, and special properties for printing. The finish may range from matte to high gloss. The coating is applied on the paper machine or in separate coaters. Typically, clay, white pigments and a binder, are added to make the surface of the paper more even, to impart greater opacity, and to cause it to appear glossy .The coated surface is better for printing because there is less picking. The term, coated paper, is also used to describe a printed surface to which an emulsion, varnish or lacquer has been applied for protection. See also ENAMEL HOLDOUT MACHINE COATED PAPER SLICKS OFFSET PAPER UNCOATED

COATED TWO SIDES (C2S) Any paper stock that has been coated on both sides. The surface of both sides of this paper are smooth. See also COATED ONE SIDE PAPER

COATING A term applicable to a varnish, lacquer, or emulsion applied to a printed surface after printing for protection or effect. Also, an application of a light-sensitive solution to a plate, or other mixtures to negatives. Finally, a uniform layer of minerals or chemicals applied to one or both sides of paper or board to improve its brightness, gloss and other properties, or the act or process of applying the coating. The coating most frequently used is china clay (hydrated aluminum silicate) although calcium carbonate and titanium dioxide are also used, and a binder to cause it to adhere to the paper. See also CHINA CLAY ENAMEL PAPER

COCKLED In publishing, the term is used in reference to the pages of a book and refers to a wrinkled, puckered, or rippled condition of a page or the boards of a book. In the case of book pages, this condition is caused by drying and shrinkage in a non-uniform way. In the case of book covers, use of the wrong adhesive, or too much adhesive, can create the condition.

CODEX An ancient manuscript or early form of book consisting of a quire of manuscript pages fastened together by stitching. See also ANTIQUARIAN ARCHAISM QUIRE

COFFEE TABLE BOOK A popular term used to describe a highly oversized, and usually expensive book, which is suitable for display on one's coffee table and impressing one's friends. See also DELUXE EDITION

COLD COLOR A color that contains a great deal of blue. Colors, such as blue and those close to blue on the color spectrum, are considered to be cold and uninviting. In contrast, warm colors are considered to be inviting. See also WARM COLOR PALETTE

COLD TYPE Any type produced by means other than hot metal. The term applies to all strike-on type, hand lettering, and type produced in a page layout or imagesetter, on a composing machine, or by any photocomposition method. See also HOT METAL TYPESETTING PHOTOCOMPOSITION STRIKE-ON TYPE

COLLABORATOR In publishing, the term is most frequently used in reference to one of two or more people, who work together to write a particular book, or other publication or article. When two or more persons are involved, a formal agreement, which specifies how they will share responsibilities and profits, is desirable. See also CO-PUBLISHING AS TOLD TO AUTHOR

COLLATE To gather individual printed pages or leaves of a book, or other publication, in correct sequence and assemble them before binding. The term applies to instances where more than one copy is being assembled. Some photocopiers can collate multipage documents automatically, but are limited in the number of pages they can accommodate. The term also means to compare text or statements in order to note areas of agreement or disagreement. See also ASSEMBLE GATHER

COLLATING The gathering of printed sheets in proper sequence, by hand or machine, for binding. Putting the pages of an unbound book or publication into correct order. See also BINDING GATHERING

COLLATING MARKS Marks printed on the outside of the fold of each signature. When the signatures are collated, these marks align diagonally. A missing mark indicates an omitted signature; two side-by-side collating marks represent a duplication. See also SIGNATURE

COLLATING TABLE A table used to hold the stacks of pages when gathering by hand. The table may be still or rotating. See also COLLATING GATHERING

COLLECT ON DELIVERY (C.O.D.) A term advising that the carrier is liable to the consignor to collect the cost of the goods from the consignee, and, if not collected, to return the goods to the consignor. The purchaser must pay for the merchandise when it is delivered. The USPS provides such a collection service. The popular term cash on delivery carries the identical meaning. See also CARRIER C.W.O. TERMS

COLLOQUIALISM A colloquial expression. Colloquial language. A familiar expression found in ordinary speech and acceptable in conversation, but not suitable for formal writing or speaking. See also STYLE

COLON A punctuation mark used to mark a significant break in a sentence to indicate that the text that follows is a summary, expansion, or implication, etc., of that, which it precedes. Alternatively, a colon is used to separate numbers in ratios (e.g., 2:1) or groups of numbers that refer to different things, such as hours from minutes (e.g., 7:15), or to mark the beginning of lists. See also PUNCTUATION

COLOPHON This was originally the information printed at the end of a book relating to the printing and history of the book; often including the printer's name, paper type, typeface, size of edition, date of printing, etc., used particularly during the 15th and 16th centuries. Today, the term is used almost entirely for the printer's or publisher's identifying symbol or trademark (e.g., Bantam's rooster), typically placed on the title page and spine of the cover jacket. printer, binder, and so on. See also BACK MATTER SPINE

COLOR BAR A control strip printed on the edge of a press sheet for the purpose of checking ink color, density, and registration. It appears in the form of a series of small blocks of each solid color and halftone tint. The press operator checks the color bar on the press sheet to evaluate color balance and registration. Also termed color control strip or calibration bars. See also CALIBRATION BARS QUALITY CONTROL

COLOR BREAK To divide or separate mechanically, or by software, the art and copy elements (of mechanical art), which are to be printed in different colors. Also, artwork prepared so that which elements are to be printed in which ink color are indicated. The copy and art for each color may be mounted on separate boards, pasted on overlays, or marked in pencil on overlays of tissue paper. Color break is also termed break for color. See also CALIBRATION BARS COLOR SEPARATION

COLOR BUILD To surprint colors, or screened colors, in order to create a different color. See OVERPRINTING

COLOR CAST An imbalance of any color relative to the other colors. The color imbalance may be relatively minor or pronounced, as when a single color dominates. A color cast can be corrected through adjustment of the individual colors. See also CAST IMAGE PROCESSING

COLOR CHART See COLOR SWATCH

COLOR CONTROL STRIP The series of color bars and patterns included on printed press sheets to help press operators evaluate color balance and registration.

COLOR CORRECT To correct or improve the color rendition in a set of film separations. Also, to correct, or compensate for, errors in photograpy, scanning, etc., by use of appropriate computer software. See also COLOR SEPARATION IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

COLOR CORRECTION The process of correcting or adjusting colors in any photographic or electronic process for the deficiencies of process inks, color separation, or color balance of the original image. This encompasses any method used to improve color rendition, including the masking, dot-etching, re-etching, and scanning, etc. See also ETCHING MASK

COLOR FILTER A sheet of colored glass, gelatin, or plastic inserted between plates to absorb specific colors in order to modify the reproduction of the colors in a subject as photographed. The filters used for color separation are red, green, blue. in photography, a colored filter to adjust the colors in a subject as would otherwise be photographed. See also COLOR SEPARATION FILTER

COLOR KEY A 3M trade name for an overlay color proof that consists of a set of four acetate overlays. Each overlay represents a halftone of one of the four process colors. The color keys provide a means of proofing four-color pages before final reproduction. They are used to check size, register, and blemishes. See also FOUR-COLOR PROCESS HALFTONE OVERLAY REGISTER

COLOR MODEL Any method or convention for objectively describing colors in the graphic arts and desktop publishing. In graphic arts and printing, colors are often specified with the Pantone Colors system. In computer graphics, several different color systems for the description of color are available. These include Red, Green, Blue (RGB); Hue, Lightness, Saturation (HLS); Blue, Saturation, and Brightness (BSB), Cyan, Magenta, and Yellow (CMY). See also CMY PANTONE PROCESS COLOR RGB SPOT COLOR TRUE COLOR

COLOR OVERLAY A film negative or paper that carries as art and/or text, which will be printed in one particular process or spot color. The image on each color overlay will be transferred to an individual printing plate, which will print that color on paper. See also COLOR SEPARATION OVERLAY

COLOR PALETTE See PALETTE

COLOR PROOF A representation of what the final printed job will look like, which is made by photomechanical or digital means before the job is printed on the press. The color proof may be a hard copy in color or a set of color process proofs, consisting of a proof for each color. The resolution and quality of the proof varies depending on the proofing device. Proofs can be provided during various stages of page development. Also called an off-press proof. See also PHOTOMECHANICAL PRESS PROOF PROGRESSIVE PROOF

COLOR SEPARATION The process of transforming full color originals of artwork, photographs, transparencies, or computer art for printing into the four primary colors for process color printing (cyan, magenta, yellow and black), with one screened negative produced per color. All elements to be printed in red will appear on one negative and all elements to be printed in blue will appear on another, etc. Each negative have registration marks so that the colors can be aligned properly.

To obtain the negatives for each of these colors, a camera technique has been traditionally employed that uses color filters to block out all, but the desired color, for each negative. A different angle screen is used for each color. (The resulting negatives are used to make the printing plates. Each single color is then surprinted by the next color to create the impression of a full colored piece.) This is called process color separation or CMYK separations and should not be mistaken for the optical primaries of red, green, and blue. Today, many modern desktop publishing systems can produce color separations for graphics stored electronically. Therefore, it is not necessary to create color separations if one is printing directly to a color printer.

When spot colors are used, another type of color separation, spot color separation, is employed to separate colors that will not be printed in the particular spot color. Spot color separations consist of one piece of film, for each spot color used. When the job is being printed. each spot color is printed with its own ink specified by Pantone number.

The term, color separations, is also used to describe the single color negatives produced in the process. See also BREAK FOR COLOR COLOR MODEL FILTER NEGATIVE PANTONE POSITIVE PROCESS COLOR REGISTRATION MARKS SCREEN ANGLE SPOT COLOR UNDERCOLOR REMOVAL

COLOR SEPARATION SERVICE A business that prepares color separations for four-color process printing. Also termed separator, prep service, engraver, or service bureau. See also SERVICE BUREAU

COLOR SWATCH A collection of small, typically square, solid color samples of various printing inks. A color swatch enables one to select the exact shade of the color desired and to specify it by Pantone Color number. See also FAN GUIDE PANTONE SPOT COLOR SWATCH

COLPORTEUR A peddler of books. Also, a person who is employed to travel about selling Bibles, religious books, etc., at low prices. See also CHAPBOOK CHRISTIAN NOVEL

COLUMN A vertical arrangement of horizontal lines of type on a page. In word processing and desktop publishing, a column is a rectangle of text arranged vertically, and usually justified, on the page. In document preparation, the term refers to a newspaper-style layout of paragraphs of text.

Column is also used to denote a feature article that appears regularly in a newspaper, whether syndicated or not, and usually having an easily identifiable heading and by-line. The column may report or comment on a certain activity or field, such as etiquette, movies, new books, etc. See also COLUMN INCH DOUBLE COLUMN JUSTIFIED COLUMNS NEWSPAPER COLUMNS PARALLEL COLUMNS SCALLOPED COLUMNS SYNDICATE

COLUMN INCH A unit of advertising space in newspaper advertising, which is one column wide and one inch in depth. It is used in the calculation of price of display advertising in newspapers and magazines. Column widths may vary, but are generally about two inches. See also AGATE LINE CLASSIFIED AD

COMB-BIND To bind the pages of a publication by inserting the teeth of a flexible plastic comb-like spine through holes pre-punched along the margin edge of the covers and pages. The teeth turn back on themselves to form rings that secure covers and pages in place. This form of binding enables the book to lay flat when opened. It is often used to bind cookbooks. See also MECHANICAL BINDING PLASTIC COMB BINDING

COMBINATION PULP A combination of Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (TMP) and Chemi-Thermo-Mechanical Pulp (CTMP) produced by the mechanical and chemical processes. In both processes, de-barked logs are chipped and then heated to high temperatures in order to soften them being reduced to fibers by grindstones. However, in the CTMP process, chemicals are sprayed onto the chips to reduce the undesirable effects of the natural wood substances, which remain.

There is a demand for high quality papers, which retain strength and do not turn yellow when exposed to light. Bleaching provides all three benefits, as well as a higher absorption capacity, fewer bark or wood residues, and a high level of purity. Chlorine was used as a bleaching agent for many years. However, in recent years, alternative bleaches, such as chlorine dioxide or oxygen, which have less impact on the environment, have been increasingly used. See also CHEMICAL PULP MECHANICAL PULP PULP

COMMA A punctuation mark (,) is the equivalent of a brief pause. It used to mark a division in a sentence, as may be caused by a word, phrase, or clause, particularly when accompanied by a pause. The comma also separate items in a list, designates thousands in numerals, and separates types of information in bibliographic and other data. Commas are used to make sentences less unwieldy and for clarity. Comma is derived from the Greek komma for segment or clause, which indicated a portion of a sentence. It appeared as a full slash mark or solidus (/) in early manuscripts, but later shrank to today's size. See also PUNCTUATION SOLIDUS

COMMERCIAL PRINTER A term generally suitable to any printer whose printing presses are larger than those found in a quick copy shop and whose printing runs are primarily quantities of 5,000 or more. A commercial printer usually produces a wide range of items, such as flyers, announcements, brochures, and newsletters. See also JOB PRINTER SHORT RUN PRINTER

COMMERCIAL REGISTER A term in color printing indicating that the acceptable level of misregistration is plus or minus one row of dots. See also HAIRLINE REGISTER REGISTER RESOLUTION

COMMERCIAL RIGHTS The rights to use material from a book or other copyrighted work on such objects as T-shirts, toys, stationery, etc. Publishers generally have little expertise in this field. Commercial rights are also called merchandising rights. See also RIGHT SUBSIDIARY RIGHTS

COMMISSIONED WORK A term to describe a specific writing assignment given by an editor to a writer, who will be paid for it when it is completed. See also FREELANCE ASSIGNMENT

COMMISSIONING EDITOR Another term for an acquiring editor or acquisitions editor, whose primary responsibility is to find authors to write articles or manuscripts on particular subjects specified by the publisher, and to negotiate and work with them. See also ACQUISITIONS EDITOR

COMMON PAGES Camera-ready originals that are used for two or more different publications, usually with only minor changes, or none at all. Also, a leaf (two pages) that appears in more than one article of an offprint. See also CAMERA-READY LEAF OFFPRINT

COMP An abbreviated term for comprehensive layout, also known as mechanical or mechanical art. See MECHANICAL

COMPOSE To set type for a book, article, or document, etc. To typeset copy. See also TYPESETTING

COMPOSITE A term applicable to a photograph, negative, proof, or the like, that consists of two or more images (photographs, negatives, or proofs, etc.) positioned together to form one single picture. See also DOUBLE BURN MONTAGE

COMPOSITION A term in photography to denote how an image is arranged and framed for overall effect. In graphic design, composition refers to the arrangement of the various elements (type, graphics, etc,) on the page for a pleasing page layout. In addition, composition describes a written work or design. Finally, composition is act or the process of setting type. There are two methods of composing type. They are hot-type composition and cold-type composition. Composition is also called typesetting. See also LAYOUT TYPESETTING

COMPOSITOR Another name for a typesetter, one who sets type. See TYPESETTER

COMPOUNDING The act of creating a new word by joining two words. Examples of words so formed include walk-out, blackout, and doghouse.

COMPREHENSIVE LAYOUT A term for mechanical art. See MECHANICAL

CONCERTINA FOLD Another term for accordion fold. See ACCORDION FOLD

CONCORDANCE An alphabetical index of the principal words appearing in a text, along with page numbers of those pages containing them. Also, an alphabetical index of subjects or topics with reference to the passage in which each occurs. See also INDEX

CONDENSED In printing, a term used in reference to condensed type. In writing and editing, the word denotes a shortened version of a book-length work or manuscript. See also EXPANDED TYPE WIDTH

CONDENSED TYPE A typeface, which has been reduced in width. A narrow version of a normal typeface that was created in order to fit more characters into each linear inch. Digital typesetting can condense or expand type by removing or adding raster lines. Condensed type is typically printed at 17 characters per inch (cpi) by dot-matrix printers. See also CHARACTERS PER INCH EXPANDED TYPE KERNING RASTER WIDTH

CONJUGATE LEAVES Two leaves in a book that are physically attached and are part of the same press sheet. See also IMPOSITION LEAF PRINTER'S SPREAD PRESS SHEET SIGNATURE

CONSIGNMENT A reference to the arrangement by which books (or other products) are shipped (or consigned) to a bookseller (or other customer). They remain the property of the shipper (the publisher) until payment has been received. The bookseller forwards payment only after the books have been resold to consumers. See also FIRM SALE PROTECTED RETURNS

CONSULTING EDITOR A freelance editor available for hire by a publisher for his knowledge and judgment or expertise. The work assigned to him may consist of editing a manuscript of a technical nature and preparing it for publication. See also EDITING FREELANCER MANUSCRIPT

CONTACT PRINT A photographic print made by exposing a negative or positive in direct contact with sensitized paper or film. Also called stat, contact, and velox. See also FILM NEGATIVE POSITIVE

CONTACT SCREEN A halftone screen made photographically on film and used in contact with the photographic film. It produces a graduated dot pattern. See also HALFTONE SCREEN

CONTENT EDIT To evaluate and critique a manuscript for overall style, organization, content, continuity, logic, and flow. See also COPYEDIT FACT CHECK PEER REVIEW TECHNICAL EDIT

CONTENTS A term used sometimes in place of Table of Contents. See TABLE OF CONTENTS

CONTINUITY PROGRAM A retail selling program used by book clubs that sell by mail, or other organizations, to sell a series of related books or publications in which the responsibility for preventing a book shipment lies with the consumer, rather than the publisher. The initial agreement to the program by the consumer constitutes a standing order for the present and succeeding volumes made available in the program. See also BOOK CLUB MARKETING

CONTINUOUS PAPER Paper sold in a roll holding one long strip that is perforated at regular intervals for easy separation into individual pages and drilled or hole-punched along its edges to accommodate the tractor-feed mechanism of a printer. Continuous paper is synonymous with continuous-feed paper, continuous form paper, and fanfold paper. Continuous paper contrasts with cut-sheet paper, which is paper that has been cut into separate sheets. See also FANFOLD PAPER PIN FEED TRACTOR FEED

CONTINUOUS TONE (CT) Any image that has not been screened and contains a continuous spectrum of shades of gray ranging from black to white; or dark to light. For example, a photograph is a continuous-tone image, whereas line art (a pen-and-ink drawing using only pure black and white) is not. Continuous tones cannot be reproduced. Instead, they must be screened in order to convert the image into dots of varying size.

Continuous-tone images can be viewed on an analogue monitor (such as a television monitor), but cannot be viewed on a digital monitor, which requires input in the form of discrete units. Similarly, continuous tone images cannot be printed in books or periodicals, which require illustrations to be in the form of groups of dots. See also GRAYSCALE HALFTONE LINE ART SCREEN

CON-TONE Short for continuous tone. See CONTINUOUS TONE

CONTRAST The difference between the darkest and lightest parts of an image. The tonal gradations between highlights, middle tones, and dark values in a continuous tone image. Images that have a great deal of contrast contain mainly very dark and very light values with few intermediate shades. Low-contrast images contain mostly medium gray values. Contrast is best adjusted when an image is scanned. If this is not possible, the contrast can be adjusted later with the use of a paint program. Contrast is also termed copy density range.

Contrast also means to make part of a message stand out. The designer accomplishes this by the use of contrasting elements. However, this can be done to excess and may be disturbing to the eye. Contrast in copy can be provided by means of capitals, small capitals, italics, bolding, underlining, color, larger type, or reverse lettering.

In typography, contrast refers to the visual difference between the thick and thin strokes of a letter. Typefaces such as Helvetica, provide no contrast. In other typefaces, such as Bodoni, there is a high degree of contrast. See also GRADATION HIGH CONTRAST HIGHLIGHT MIDDLE TONES WASHED OUT

CONTRIBUTING EDITOR A term appearing on the masthead of a magazine or other publication that most commonly denotes a freelance writer, whose work, appears frequently in the publication, signed or unsigned. A contributing editor is normally not on salary or even a retainer with the publication. However, use and meaning of the term varies from one publication to another. See also FREELANCE MASTHEAD

CONTRIBUTOR'S COPIES Copies of a publication provided without charge to a writer whose work is included in it. See also AUTHOR'S COPIES CLIPS

CONVERTER A company that specializes in converting reels and sheets of paper and paperboard into packaging (boxes, bags, wrapping paper) or finished goods for sale to the public.

CO-OP ADVERTISING An arrangement, sometimes contractual, whereby two organizations, such as a bookseller and a publisher, share the cost of local book advertising to the reading public. The publisher usually pays the larger percentage. It is a formal plan in which each party obligates itself to a specific percentage of the local advertising expenditures for a book, group of books, and/or period. See also ADVERTISING ALLOWANCE MARKETING VARIABLE COST

CO-OP PUBLISHING A term to describe the circumstance in which more than one person and/or organization join forces to publish a book together. Co-op publishing is also known as co-publishing. See also COLLABORATOR SELF-PUBLISHER

CO-PUBLISHING See CO-OP PUBLISHING

COPY For an editor or typesetter, the words or text portion of a document or publication. Written material. An article, column, or blurb for printing. Also, the unset pages of a manuscript. For a graphic designer or printer, everything to be printed, including text, art, graphics, and illustrations.

Copy refers also to a duplicate of material, or to reproduce material. For example, text and graphic files can be copied from one part of a document to another part, or to a different file. A file can also be copied from the screen to a printer. The copying process leaves the original material unchanged. See also BRIGHT COPY CLIPBOARD CUT AND PASTE FULL MEASURE NARROW MEASURE RUNNING COPY WRITE

COPY EDIT The editing operation that follows content editing. Copy edit means to check a manuscript, document, text, etc., to be published for spelling, grammar, punctuation, and consistency, and making necessary changes. See also EDIT CONTENT EDIT

COPYEDITING The act or process of checking a manuscript for spelling, grammar, punctuation, word usage, writing style, and contradictions in logic or factual errors, and making changes as required. Simple corrections are made directly on the manuscript. Questions concerning logic or facts are noted on pieces of paper, and attached to a margin. The most effective editing often involves tightening of the writing. This necessitates revising almost every sentence, paragraph, and page. After the manuscript has been typeset, a proof is pulled and it is read again for typographical errors and to ensure that specifications of type face and size, column width, leading, etc., were followed. See also EDITING

COPY EDITOR An individual employed by a publishing company and who bears responsibility for reading a manuscript and ensuring that it is factually accurate, grammatically correct, follows a consistent house style and formatting, and contains no misspellings. The copy editor will make the changes and corrections himself or supervise their incorporation before the work goes to the printer. Also termed editor. See also COPY EDIT EDIT PROOFREADER

COPYFIT To calculate how much space will be required by a specified amount of copy set in a particular typeface and point size. Also, to adjust type by changing its point size or another aspect, or by deleting words and sentences, in order to enable the copy to fit the available space.

COPYFITTING The determination of the amount of space that a designated article or amount of copy will require in a particular typeface and size before the job is sent for printing. Also the process of adjusting the type size to cause it to fit within in the available space. In desktop publishing, copyfitting is the calculation of how much printed copy will fit on a page in a particular font. In addition, the term applies to the writing or editing of articles to fit a predetermined space.

When calculating the characters per pica, one uses a line of typical type, counts the characters, and divides by the width (in picas) of the line measure. This gives a CPP, the number of characters per pica. See also CAST OFF CHARACTER LINE LENGTH MEASURE PICA TYPE FAMILY TYPE SERIES WEIGHT WIDTH

COPYING PAPER Copying paper is an uncoated paper in wood-free or mechanical grades, white or colored in A4 and A3. See also INTERNATIONAL PAPER SIZES MECHANICAL PAPER PAPER UNCOATED

COPYREADER In journalism, an editor who is responsible for preparing the copy for the typesetter and printer. One who writes headlines for a newspaper and edits copy. See also COPY EDIT PROOFREADER

COPYRIGHT The right of an author, artist, publisher etc, to retain ownership of works and to produce it, or contract others to produce copies. The exclusive right, granted by law for a certain number of years to make and dispose of, and otherwise to control, copies of a literary, musical, or artistic work. Under the law, copyright is automatically obtained when the work is set down for the first time in written or recorded form. Generally, a person owns what he creates until he sells it or assigns it to someone else, or unless he or she accepts a salary for creating it. (Publishers hold the copyright on books they publish.).

Any book, pamphlet, or page can be protected from unauthorized use. The revised Copyright Act does not require authors or their publishers to secure copyrights in written works. For works created after 1978, copyright automatically exists when the author first expresses his creation in tangible form. By printing copyright ã the year and your name, one is legally protected whether or not the copyright application has been filed with the U.S. Copyright Office. However, important benefits accrue by registering the work within three months of its initial publication.

What is commonly called copyright protection is the legal registration of a creative work. For a fee, the copyright office keeps a record of the date a property existed and to whom it belongs, and keeps two copies of the work on file in the Library of Congress. In case of infringement, these records provide legal evidence of ownership. For works created after January 1, 1978, the law provides a term lasting for the author's life, plus an additional 50 years following the author's death. See also ALL RIGHTS RESERVED FAIR USE INFRINGEMENT INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY PERMISSION PUBLIC DOMAIN RIGHT ROYALTY TRADEMARK UNITED STATES COPYRGHT OFFICE UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION

COPYRIGHT NOTICE Words, such as the following, which appear on the copyright page of a publication:

• Copyright Ó 2002, Three Mountain Publishing, Inc.