GALLEYS Galleys and galley proofs are now used interchangeably by editors, although a galley was really a tray of metal type during the years of hand composition, and a galley proof was a proof made by inking the tray of type and registering its imprint on a long, narrow sheet of paper prior to being sent to typesetting.

Today, galley refers to the first typeset version of an unbound manuscript, or a copy of the book in an inexpensive binding. An editor may send galleys to the writer prior to publication for final checking for discrepancies, or to proof readers or reviewers. Also termed an author's proof. In addition, it can be a proof of typeset text before the text has been pasted into a mechanical layout or arranged in a desktop publishing page form. The galley is used to check for errors made during typesetting. Also, the first copy produced in photocomposition and other forms of typesetting that do not involve metal type. See also F&G LAYOUT MECHANICAL PHOTOCOMPOSITION PROOF REVIEW COPY UNCORRECTED PROOF

GANG To combine two or more unrelated jobs on one printing plate as a cost-saving step. By using the maximum sheet size and fitting as many different images or jobs as possible onto the same sheet, the proportion of paper lost as scrap in the cutting and trimming operations after printing is minimized. Unit costs for raw material, set-up, and color separations are reduced, as is the total printing time. Gang also denotes the printed sheet that is printed in a gang run, or a group of impositions positioned for printing together. See GANG RUN IMPOSITION UP

GANG RUN A printing run in which two or more printing jobs are combined on the same printing plate and printed on the same sheets of paper. By combining the different jobs and printing them together, the unit cost of each job is reduced significantly. However, the pressman will not adjust his colors so as to give the best possible reproduction of any one specific job. Instead, he will attempt to achieve a balance among the color requirements of all jobs and provide a result that is acceptable to all. See also FORM PRINTER'S SPREAD UP

GARAMOND A term that describes a popular typeface attributed to Claude Garamond, a French type founder, publisher, punch cutter, and type designer, who lived from 1480 until 1561. He introduced several new typefaces during the period of 1530 and 1545. However, the term, Garamond, is often used in reference to similar typestyles based on his original work. See also ARIAL COURIER FONT EGYPTIAN HELVETICA JENSON NEW CENTURY SCHOOLBOOK ROMAN TIMES ROMAN TYPE DESIGN TYPEFACE

GATEFOLD In printing, an oversize page that is larger than the trim size of a book or periodical and which is folded one or more times to prevent it from extending beyond the pages. Often used in books for maps, the gatefold folds into the gutter in overlapping layers. The term, gatefold, is also used to denote a multiple-page fold in which the paper is folded toward its center to form four or more panels (8 or more pages). See also GUTTER PLATE TRIM SIZE

GATHER Another term for assemble. To bring the sections of a book together in correct sequence for binding. See ASSEMBLE COLLATE

GATHERING In publishing, a finishing operation consisting of assembling folded printed sheets, or signatures, in correct sequence in preparation for the binding operation. It may be performed automatically or by hand. See also BINDING COLLATING COLLATING TABLE FINISHING OPERATIONS SIGNATURE

GAUFFERED EDGES Ragged page edges of a book, often gilded, for decorative effect. In the antiquarian trade, such books are sometimes termed collectors' items.. Also, the edges of a book that have been further decorated by heated finishing tools, which impart small repeating patterns. Gauffering is best done on books that have been printed on hard paper and are gilded. It was particularly associated with 16th Century German bookbinding. Gauffering appears to have declined sharply after 1650, was revived near the end of the 18th Century, and became particularly popular during the last half of the 19th Century for elaborately bound devotional books. Gauffered edges are also termed goffered edges or deckled edges. See also ANTIQUARIAN EDGES GILT TOP

GBC A trade name for an inexpensive plastic comb binding commercialized originally by General Binding Corp. Corporation. It uses plastic spirals to hold covers and pages of a publication together. See also PLASTIC COMB BINDING SPIRAL BINDING

GENERATION A term applicable to each succeeding stage of the reproduction process, beginning with the original material, the first generation. Each stage at which something is reproduced represents another generation. Copy quality declines after many generations.

GENRE A term used in writing and editing in reference to the character or category of a manuscript, such as science fiction, western, horror, romance, mystery, history, adventure, music, etc. Genre also describes the way in which fiction is classified for purposes of marketing. Also, the kind, type, genus, or category of artistic endeavor, especially for works of art and literature. See also DEPARTMENT EDITOR NON FICTION NOVEL

GERUND The present participle of a verb that is used as a noun. The verb form that ends in "ing" when used as a noun. Although used like a noun, the gerund retains certain characteristics of a verb, such as the ability to take an object. (e.g. "preparing lasagna is time-consuming.")

GHOST WRITER A professional writer who writes on behalf of another person in that person's name for a fee, and/or an agreed percentage of the profits, but without receiving a credit or other formal literary recognition for his or her writing. The ghost writer puts into literary form a speech, book, or article, etc., based on the other person's ideas, life, experience, or knowledge. The biographies of many famous persons are written by ghostwriters. See also AS-TOLD-TO AUTHOR FREELANCER PEN NAME WORK FOR HIRE

GIF See GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT

GIGABYTE (GB) Approximately one billion bytes or characters. An information block of 1,024 megabytes (1,073741,824 bytes). This term is commonly used to describe the data capacities of storage devices such as hard drives in personal computers. See also BYTE CHARACTER MEGABYTE

GILT TOP (G.T.) This is the gilt sometimes applied to the upper edge of the text block of a book, which has been cut smooth. The other two (ungilded) edges may be left uncut or cut smooth. Also abbreviated as g.t.e. See also ANTIQUARIAN BRONZING EDGES GAUFFERED EDGES GLAIR ILLUMINATED TEXT BLOCK

GLAIR A glaze or size made of egg white, or any viscous substance like egg white. In publishing, the word is used in reference to the albumen-based adhesive used to secure gold leaf (or another metal leaf) to the cover material, or edges, of a book. Glair is made from egg white and vinegar (or water).and may be purchased in dry form for later use. Glair must melt immediately when heat is applied and set quickly when the heat is removed in order to hold the leaf securely to the surface. See also GLOSS SIZE

GLASS In printing, a term for a magnifying glass used to examine the fine detail of printed images. Also termed a loupe or linen tester. See also LOUPE

GLAZED A term used in reference to paper that has a polished or high gloss finish. See also GLOSS FINISH

GLAZING The act or process of producing a bright, glossy, or glasslike finish on paper, board, leather, etc. It may be accomplished by calendering, a stage in papermaking during which the paper passes between calender rolls, which impart a smooth surface. Alternatively, the finish may be produced by applying wax over the surface of the paper and then subjecting it to heat and pressure. See also CALENDER CALENDERING CALENDER ROLLS GLOSSY FINISH

GLOBAL BOOKS IN PRINT Touted by its publisher, Bowker, as the first place to find worldwide English-language books, audios, and videos, Global Books In Print is designed to help librarians, booksellers, and their customers to find the titles they seek. It draws from Bowker's Books In Print database of more than four million titles available in the U.S. and Canada, Whitaker's British Books In Print database of more than one million titles available in the U.K., Bowker's Publishers Authority Database or more than 165,000 publishers, distributors, wholesalers, and book agents, and 450,000 full text reviews. Its website is found at www.globalbooksinprint.com See also BOOKS IN PRINT R.R. BOWKER COMPANY

GLOSS A superficial luster or shine. Gloss is associated with the light-reflecting properties of a surface. It is the characteristic of paper, varnish, or ink, which causes it to reflect a great deal of light. Gloss is measured at various angles of illumination. See also OPTICAL CHARACTERISTICS UV COATING VARNISH

GLOSS FINISH A shiny coating on paper or a printed piece that reflects light well, in contrast to the surface of dull- or matte-coated paper. Paper that has a matte finish is preferred for use in laser printers over a paper that has a glossy finish. Paper that has a gloss finish is also termed art paper, enamel paper, or slick paper. See also ART PAPER GLAZED MATTE

GLOSSARY A list of terms used in a book or publication covering a technical or specific field and their definitions. It appears in the back matter of the book. Also, a feature of a word processing program that stores frequently used words or text for future insertion in documents, when needed. See also BACK MATTER DICTIONARY EXCEPTION DICTIONARY LEXICON NEOLOGISM THESAURUS

GLOSS INK An ink for use on coated papers having low absorption properties where the ink will dry not by penetration, but primarily by evaporation and oxidation. When dry, it gives a glossy appearance. The ink contains an extra quantity of varnish. It is used in lithography and letterpress printing See also ABSORPTION HOLDOUT INK LETTERPRESS LITHOGRAPHY

GLOSSY A photographic print, or other printed material, which has a shiny surface, rather than a matte finish. It is printed on glossy paper. The term is also used to describe any upscale magazine printed on expensive shiny paper. See also GLOSS FINISH MATTE FINISH

GLOSSY FINISH See GLOSS FINISH

GLYPH Any printable character. Also, the shape of a font that is used to represent a character on screen or paper. A letter is the most common example of a glyph. An italic a and a roman a are two different glyphs, although they represent the same character. Dingbats are also glyphed. In bitmapped fonts, glyph refers to the bitmapped letter itself, but in True Type fonts, it refers to the image created by the mathematical formula that describes the glyph. See also BITMAPPED FONT CHARACTER DINGBAT FONT INTERNAL LEADING OUTLINE FONT TRUETYPE

GOLDEN RATIO The ideal proportion according to the ancient Greeks. The proportion to use for the relationship of height to width when laying out text and illustrations in the most pleasing manner. The golden ratio has been proposed by many typographers as the ideal proportion to use for laying out pages.

The golden ratio is visualized as the division of a line into two unequal segments so that the ratio of smaller segment to larger segment is equal to the ratio of the larger to the whole. It is usually defined as 21:34. That is, 21/34 and 34/(21+34) both equal approximately 0.618. A rectangle with sides in this proportion is called a golden rectangle. A golden rectangle has sides of length 1 and 1.618. The Golden ratio was used by both the ancient Greeks and the ancient Egyptians to describe their buildings and monuments. Golden rectangles can be found in the proportions of the Parthenon and many medieval manuscripts. Throughout history, artists, including Leonardo da Vinci, have used the ratio to construct their paintings. Many still use this proportion (1:1.618) in their work. Golden ratio is also called golden section or golden mean and is represented by the Greek letter Phi. See also BALANCE UNITY

GOLDENROD PAPER A specially coated yellow or orange colored masking paper used in assembling and positioning negatives for subsequent exposure. Also called masking paper. See also MASK MASKING MATERIAL

GOTHIC Of, or pertaining to, the language of the Teutonic Goths or a form of art, particularly architecture, which prospered in Europe from the late 12th century to the Renaissance. In typography, gothic refers to black letter, one of the three most important type families in the history of western printing. Gothic is a sans serif typeface possessing broad even strokes. See also BLACK LETTER SANS SERIF

In literature, Gothic is associated with sensational novels of the late 18th and early 19th century set in medieval surroundings and dealing with barbaric or mysterious events. Today, it refers also to modern novels having an atmosphere reminiscent of the previous Gothic novels. See also NOVEL

GRADATION In printing, a term to denote a smooth transition of shades between one color and another, between black and white, or between one color and white. Gradation is also termed gradient. See also BANDING CONTRAST GRADUATED FILL GRAYSCALE HALFTONE

GRADE A general term used to distinguish between, or among, printing papers, but whose specific meaning depends on the context. Grade can refer to the category, class, rating, finish, or brand of paper. See also FINISH MICROMETER PAPER

GRADUATED FILL An area of gradual change from one color to another (or of shades of gray). Graduated fills are also termed gradations, gradient fills, or blends. See also GRADATION GRAYSCALE HALFTONE

GRAIN A reference to the direction in which the fibers in a sheet of paper are aligned. This is the direction in which the paper was formed on the paper machine. The direction of the grain affects the properties of paper and often the direction in which paper should be fed into a printing press. Paper fed into the press in a direction perpendicular to the grain may jam the press. Paper expands with higher relative humidity more across the grain. On the other hand, paper tears and folds more easily along the grain - of significance when folding thick papers. In photography, grain refers to the crystals, which comprise the emulsion on film. See also AGAINST THE GRAIN DIMENSIONAL STABILITY EMULSION WTH THE GRAIN PAPER

GRAINING The act or process of applying a pattern to cloth during manufacture, or subsequently, by rolling it between embossing plates. Also, the various designs printed on paper or board to simulate various wood grains, etc. See also EMBOSSING

GRAMMAGE (GSM) The unit of measurement of the weight of sheets of paper based on the Metric System. It is expressed as the weight in grams per square meter of paper (or board). The grammage of one typical commonly-sold multi-use paper cut to dimensions of 8.5 inches ´ 11 inches is 75 grams per square meter. See also BASIS SIZE BASIS WEIGHT REAM

GRAMMAR CHECKER A program, or feature of a word processing program, that checks text for errors in word selection, sentence construction, and writing style, and offers solutions. See also SPELLING CHECKER WORD PROCESSOR

GRANITE FINISH A term denoting the finish of paper that contains fibers of a different color. The resulting mottled finish resembles the texture of granite. See also FINISH PAPER

GRAPHIC Any visual element in a page layout that supplements text and is used to add interest or clarity. Graphics include photographs, illustrations, icons, ruled line, clipart, etc. They come in more than 100 different graphic file formats. Some of the more popular formats are:EPS (Encapsulated PostScript), GIF (Graphics Interface File), JPEG (Joint Photographic Experts Group), TIFF (Tagged Information File Format), and PCX (Bitmap images created by Paint Programs). See also BITMAPPED GRAPHIC EPS GIF ILLUSTRATION IMAGE JPEG TIFF

GRAPHICAL TEXT Any image within which text appears. See also IMAGE TEXT

GRAPHIC ARTS A term that encompasses all organizations, crafts, and professions involved in the design and the reproduction of images on paper. In common use, it includes all aspects of the printing industry. See also DESIGN

GRAPHICS DEPARTMENT A department of an organization that creates visual presentations of concepts or communications. For example, in the case of a promotional package for direct mail, this would includes all aspects of the final printed product or package, such as choice and color of paper stock, fonts, font sizes and styles, illustrations, other graphic elements, and page layout. See also DESIGNER ILLUSTRATION PAGE LAYOUT

GRAPHIC DESIGN See DESIGN

GRAPHIC DESIGNER See DESIGNER

GRAPHICS INTERCHANGE FORMAT (GIF) A platform-independent compressed file format for images that is widely used to display and distributed electronically published color graphics on the World Wide Web. (Most banners are in GIF format.) It was originally developed by CompuServe in order to reduce the file transfer time of bitmapped images over standard phone lines. The file format works well for line art and images comprised of large areas of the same color. GIF is usually considered to be unsuitable for color photographs as any image is limited to 256 colors.

GIF image files are often smaller than would be required to store the images in JPEG format. However, GIF format does not store photographic images as well as JPEG. A GIF image file can be identified by the gif extension at the end of the file name. The GIF format enables the user to create transparent GIFs. Further, animations may be created from GIF files. See also GIF GRAPHIC JPEG TIF

. GRAPHICS PRINTER A printer that can produce graphics pixel by pixel. Most printers used with personal computers are graphic printers. These include laser, ink-jet and dot-matrix impact printers. Daisy wheel printers are the exception. See also BITMAP BITMAPPED GRAPHIC CHARACTER PRINTER DAISY WHEEL PRINTER PIXEL

GRAVURE PRINTING A photomechanical intaglio process in which the image to be printed is recessed into the surface of the printing plate. (Intaglio means to engrave, or cut.) The process is the reverse of letterpress or relief printing, in which the image is raised slightly above the plate. In gravure printing, the printer forms the image by etching or engraving it into the plate. Ink is applied to the entire plate and the excess is wiped clean (or scraped off), leaving only the depressions, or intaglio areas, filled with ink. During printing (under pressure) the paper draws the ink from these recessed areas. Pressure against the paper from the plate transfers the inked image. Varying the depth of the depression provides tonal gradations. Gravure printing produces consistent quality in long production runs. The process requires all copy, line and continuous tone to be screened.

Intaglio printing is also done commercially on high-speed rotary presses. This is called rotogravure printing. It is used for high volume printing of such products as magazines, catalogues, and labels. Rotogravure is particularly good for high-quality color printing. See also CONTINUOUS TONE COPY INTAGLIO PROCESS LETTERPRESS PHOTOMECHANICAL ROTOGRAVURE SCREEN

GRAY GOODS Undyed woven fabric as it comes from the loom before undergoing the finishing process and use as unfinished book cloth. See also BOOK CLOTH CLOTH

GRAY COMPONENT REPLACEMENT (GCR). A technique used to add detail to an image. It involves a replacement of a portion of the cyan, magenta, and yellow in colored areas with black. See also CMYK SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY COLORS

GRAYSCALE The gradation of all shades ranging from black through white used to form a black and white picture. A measure of the tonal range obtained in photography or plate exposure. Also, a series of boxes filled with a range of the shades from 100 percent black to pure white. A grayscale is used to evaluate a printer, monitor, scanner, or printing press.

Like the number of colors in a color image, the number of shades of gray displayed on a monitor depends on the number of bits per pixel. Grays may be represented by halftone dots, by dithering, or continuous tone. See also BIT CONTINUOUS TONE DITHERING GRADATION GRADUATED FILL HALTONE PIXEL

GRAYSCALE SCANNER A scanner that produces a monochrome output in shades of gray. The best of such scanners are capable of producing an output equivalent to the range of tones found in of black-and-white photographs. See also CONTINUOUS TONE GRAYSCALE SCANNER

GREEKING The act or process of using-gray bars or simulated characters to represent text in an online display of a page layout, similar to the preview feature supported by many word processing programs. Also, in graphic design, the use of Greek text to represent the text in a document. in order to evaluate the overall design of the document, rather than its content. This permits a layout artist to concentrate on the design aspects and not be distracted by actual text that will be inserted later. See also GREEK TEXT TEXT

GREEK TEXT Simulated text, or lines, used to portray the size and location of text in a designer's page layout. It is used to help to complete the look of the page for purposes of assessing the aesthetics of the page design. The Greek text may be comprised of nonsense phrases, groups of letters, or words in Latin or Greek. It is also known as dummy type. Layout artists cut up sections of greek text as required in order to depict the length, size, and style of heads and blurbs. Computer technology has simplified the process. Greek text is also called Greek. See also GREEKING

GRID A cross-ruled transparent measuring guide that serves to divide a page into discrete areas. It helps designers to ensure consistency in the positioning of graphics and columns of text, trim sizes, the beginnings of new sections, etc. when assembling a page layout. See also PAGE LAYOUT RULE RULER

GRIND-OFF An area, usually 1/8" wide, of the spine edge of each signature for a perfect bound book. This portion will be trimmed off to ensure that each sheet in the text block will have a well-prepared edge ready to receive glue. See also PERFECT BINDING SHEET SIGNATURE

GRIP AND GRIN A colloquial term used in reference to a staged photograph in which two persons smile and shake hands during a presentation or particular ceremony. See also PHOTO FEATURE

GRIPPER The metal fingers used by a chain delivery system on larger offset presses. The chain delivery system stacks the sheets of paper after they have been printed The chain grippers clamp onto the sheet to move it through the sheet-fed press and pull it along to the delivery end of a press. See also SHEETWISE SIDE GUIDE

GRIPPER MARGIN The unprintable blank edge of a sheet of paper, which is gripped as the paper is pulled through a printing press or photocopier. The gripper margin usually measures a half inch or less in width. See also SHEET SHEET FEEDER

GROSS SALES Sales before cash discount for quick payment, price discounts, deductions for returned or spoiled goods, or other allowances. See also NET SALES

GROTESQUE In writing, a genre of novel in which comedy and tragedy are inextricably combined, inspiring compassion. Grotesque also describes a character in a novel, who is so deformed mentally that he becomes a caricature. Finally, grotesque refers to a sans serif typeface that is similar to gothic. See also GENRE GOTHIC NOVEL SANS SERIF

GROUNDWOOD PAPER A term applicable to newsprint and any other inexpensive paper manufactured from groundwood pulp. See GROUNDWOOD PULP NEWSPRINT

GROUNDWOOD PULP Another name for mechanical pulp, the wood pulp used to manufacture newsprint. See MECHANICAL PULP

GSM An abbreviation for grams per square meter, a unit of measurement for the weight of paper. See also GRAMMAGE

GUIDE MARKS Another term for registration marks. See REGISTRATION MARKS

GUILLOTINE A flat bed cutter consisting of a single cutting blade that slices downward under pressure to cut or trim a stack of paper. In appearance, the cutter resembles a guillotine. See also FINISHING OPERATIONS TRIM

GUTENBERG, JOHANN The person usually credited with the invention of printing by means of movable metal type. Around 1450, Johan Gutenberg of Mainz invented reusable, movable type from wood, which he assembled on a press. Subsequently, the letters were individually cast in metal for assembly into blocks for printing. His invention spread throughout Europe within 25 years, putting an end to hand-lettering of books and manuscripts. The Bible was the most famous, and one of the earliest, large printed books. See also CHASE GARAMOND HOT METAL TYPESETTING TYPE

GUTTER The blank white space between two facing pages of a book, magazine, or other bound document, or a newspaper. That is, the blank space between left and right pages. Gutter is also frequently used interchangeably with alley, the space between columns of type on a multicolumned page. See also ALLEY BINDING BINDING OFFSET DESKTOP PUBLISHING FACING PAGE GATEFOLD INSIDE MARGIN

GUTTER JUMP A term descriptive of any element of a layout that continues across the gutter to the opposite page. See also GUTTER

GUTTER MARGIN The inner margin of a book or publication. The margin between the binding and the printed area of the page. Also called bind margin or back margin. See also MARGIN