HACK A term that denotes a writer who is sufficiently skilled to write competently on almost any topic, although without demonstrating great originality on the subject assigned or producing a work of great literary merit. A writer who is employed by a publisher to work on a dull or routine task. Also, an artist or writer who produces mediocre work in exchange for compensation. One who uses his training and creative ability to produce dull and unimaginative work. See also AUTHOR FREELANCER JOURNALESE

HAIRLINE The narrowest stroke in a font, except for the serif, or the thinnest that can be displayed on a printed page. A fine line dividing columns of type, marking the end of a block of copy, or outlining a page border. Also, a very thin typographic rule. The size of a hairline varies with the hardware and software used. Because the contrast between ink and paper affects visibility, there is no agreement on the meaning of hairline. The Graphics Arts Technical Foundation (GATF) defines it as a ruled line of 0.003 inch width, whereas the U.S. Postal Service describes it as a line of ½-point width (approximately 0.007 inch). Hairline is also used in reference to a very thin gap about the width of a hair 1/100 inch. See also FONT POINT RULE SERIF STROKE

HAIRLINE REGISTER A subjective term to denote a very close registration involving two or more colors. To register color separations exactly (e.g., within one half (0.5) point). Hairline register is also termed close register or tight register. See also COLOR SEPARATION REGISTER REGISTRATION

HALATION In photography, an undesirable blurred effect that resembles a halo. It is usually found at the edges of highlights in photographs or around bright objects. It is caused by the reflection of light from the surface of the film or plate through the emulsion. See also EMULSION HARD DOT HICKEY HIGHLIGHT SOFT DOT

HALF-FOLD A one-page brochure that is folded once into two halves. See also BROCHURE FOLD

HALF TITLE A page bearing only the title of the book. A half title often appears on the right hand page directly before the title page. It is a shortened version of the title page. In contrast, a title page not only carries the title, but also the author's name and frequently the name of the publisher and city where located, etc. If the book is one of a series, the half title may also bear the title of the series. A half title is sometimes called a bastard title. See also FRONT MATTER TITLE TITLE PAGE

HALFTONE A screened photograph. A reproduction of a continuous-tone image in which the tones (highlights and shadows) have been screened into a series of numerous tiny dots of varying size. The halftone is then used to make a printing plate. The variations in size of the dots create the illusion of variations in tone. Light areas have smaller dots and darker areas have larger dots. Traditionally, a halftone was produced by photographing the subject through a fine screen. However, it can be done today electronically. Screens are measured in lines-per-inch (lpi). A screen of 133 lines-per-inch is relatively fine, whereas a screen of 65 is relatively coarse. Fine reproductions require paper of high quality. A halftone is also called a screened halftone or a middletone.

Printed photographs are also known as halftones. Artwork that does not have tonal variations, such as cartoons, is termed linecut or line art. Line art is reproduced directly in black-and-white. A silhouette halftone is a haltone with all screen background removed. See also CONTINUOUS TONE CONTRAST DITHERING FREQUENCY GRADATION GRAYSCALE HIGHLIGHT IMAGE ASSEMBLY LINE CUT MOIRE EFFECT RESCREEN SCREEN SHADOW

HALFTONE RESOLUTION Another term for frequency. See FREQUENCY

HALFTONE SCREEN See SCREEN

HALO EFFECT A printing effect in which the accumulation of ink around the edges of printed letters and halftone dots cause their centers to appear lighter. See also HALATION HALFTONE HICKEY

HANGING INDENT A paragraph indentation made by beginning the first line flush with the left margin and subsequent lines (called turnover lines) indented. That is, the first line extends fully to the left margin, whereas the balance of the text is indented. It is the opposite of an indent. This style is an effective technique for displaying lists of information. Also called an outdent, a hanging paragraph, or outdenting. See also INDENT PARAGRAPH

HANGING PUNCTUATION Punctuation permitted to appear beyond the edges of the margins, rather than retained within the normal text area. A typographical style where punctuation at the end of flush-right lines is placed beyond the margin in order to ensure a clean and precise paragraph edge. See also MARGIN PUNCTUATION

HARD A term used to denote anything of a permanent nature or that exists physically. In contrast, soft is used to describe that which is intangible or changeable, including concepts and symbols. See also HARD COPY SOFT COPY

HARDBACK A casebook bound that has a stiff, sturdy board (cardboard) cover. It is also known as casebound, hardbound, and hardcover, as contrasted to a paperback. Almost all hardback books are clothbound books. See also CASE-BOUND DUST JACKET HARDCOVER PAPERBACK

HARD-BOUND Another term for a hardback book. See also HARDBACK

HARD CARRIAGE RETURN See HARD RETURN

HARD COPY A printout of information, such as a manuscript, that is stored in a computer or on a disk. Hard copy denotes a physical copy of an electronic file printed onto paper, film, or another permanent medium. In contrast, a soft copy exists only electronically and can be viewed only on a monitor. Hard copy also describes the typed material sent to a typesetter for typesetting. See also FILE HARD HARD PROOF OUTPUT SOFT COPY

HARDCOVER An alternate term for hardback, hard-bound, or casebound book. See CASEBINDING CASEBOUND HARDBACK

HARD DOT A term applicable to any dot in a photographic image that is without noticeable halation around it. See also HALATION HALFTONE SOFT DOT

HARD HYPHEN Another term for nonbreaking hyphen. See NONBREAKING HYPHEN

HARD MECHANICAL A term used to describe mechanical art consisting of paper and/or acetate. The term differentiates a traditional mechanical from an electronic mechanical. See also ACETATE MECHANICAL

HARD PAGE BREAK A page break deliberately inserted by the user. It remains in effect even if the user subsequently adds or deletes text ahead of the break. The program cannot override the hard page break. In contrast, a soft page break is inserted automatically by the program and moves as text is added and deleted. Hard page break is synonymous with fixed page break or forced page breaks. See also PAGE BREAK SOFT PAGE BREAK

HARD PROOF Any proof on a tangible substrate, such as paper or film. In contrast, a soft proof exists merely as a computer file or an image on a computer monitor. See also HARD COPY PROOF SOFT PROOF SUBSTRATE

HARD RETURN In word processing, a line break that is manually created by pressing the Enter key. It is a character input that indicates that the present line of text has ended and a new line is to begin. It causes the cursor to move down one line and left to the beginning of the new line. A hard return stays in place when text is added or deleted. In contrast, a soft return is created automatically at the end of a line of text, but moves if text is added or deleted above it. In word-processing programs that wordwrap automatically, a hard return is still needed to create the space separating paragraphs. In programs that lack a wordwrap feature, a hard return is needed to end each line. Hard return is also called hard carriage return. See also FORCED PAGE BREAK SOFT RETURN WORDWRAP

HEAD A shortened form of headline. It is shortened even further in type specifications to hed in order to communicate to the printer that the word is not to be printed. Also, the top of a book or page. See also HEADLINE

HEADBAND A small strip of decorative silk or cotton glued to the top of the spine of the book block to reinforce a hardcover book A headband normally accompanies a tailband, a similar piece of material used at the bottom (foot or tail) of the spine of a hardcover book. The material fills the gap formed between the book's spine and its cover. Decorative headbands and tailbands were commonly used in the hand-sewn books of medieval times. See also CLOTH MULL SPINE TAILBAND

HEADER In word processing or printing, text that appears at the top of the page of a document. It usually consists of only a line of two of type and typically provides the document's title, or a shortened version of it, and/or a page number. The header is typically repeated on the top margin of every page, although it might be used only after the first page, only on even pages, or only on odd pages. Also called heading, running head. See also EVEN HEADER FOOTER KICKER ODD HEADER RUNNING HEAD

HEADING A paragraph style that is displayed in a typeface larger than normal text. Also, in book publishing, heading describes any kind of display type. In addition, heading can be the extra large bold copy, which usually appears above an article or advertisement that summarizes the message. Heading is also used in reference to a standing head. This is the tag that identifies the regularly appearing departments in periodicals. See also DISPLAY TYPE KICKER SUBHEAD

HEADLINE The short opening statement in display-size text at the top of an article, story, or advertisement. A large, bold caption that summarizes the message or serves as the title to an article, or to draw attention to an ad. It is the line that usually appears at the top of printed pages of a book. In book publishing, the headline typically is the book title on the left-hand side page and the chapter title on the right hand page. Sometimes, it is also called a running head.

In newspapers, a headline can be objective and unemotional, or exaggerated and sensational. Above all, its words are chosen to fit a limited space. In magazines, headlines are likely to be provocative in order to lure the reader. The headline writer attempts to tweak the reader's curiosity. In advertising, headline are written to grab people's attention and encourage them to read the copy. Therefore, a headline in advertising implies a benefit. See also BANNER DISPLAY TYPE HEAD KICKER RUNNING HEAD UP STYLE

HEADLINE FONT A font that has been designed for use in headlines. Headline fonts must look good in large point sizes. Headline fonts generally do not contain a complete set of characters, but require a full set of special symbols and punctuation. See also FONT PUNCTUATION SYMBOL

HEAD MARGIN The white space across the top of a page above the page's headline or first line of text. Also termed top margin. See also MARGIN SINKAGE

HED See HEAD

HELVETICA A highly popular sans serif typeface designed by M. Miedinger around 1957. It is frequently used for display type and, occasionally, body type. Many publishers prefer a serif typeface, such as Times Roman or Pallatino, for the main text in the body of a book, but use Helvetica for the title and headings. Helvetica is provided as a built-in font in many laser printers. See also ARIAL COURIER FONT DISPLAY TYPE EGYPTIAN GARAMOND JENSON NEW CENTURY SCHOOLBOOK SANS SERIF SERIF TIMES ROMAN

HEWLETT PACKARD A leading manufacturer of computers and electronic equipment, Hewlett Packard was founded in 1939 by Wiliam Hewlett and David Packard. Based in Palo, Alto, California, HP is best known today for its line of laser and inkjet printers. Hewlett-Packard can be found on the web at http://www.hp.com See also INKJET PRINTER LASER PRINTER

HICKEY In printing, a recurring spot, blotch, or other blemish on a printed page caused by dust, lint, dirt, or another particle, in the ink or on the plate or offset blanket. Such unexpected imperfections typically appear on printed sheets as dark spots surrounded by a light halo. See also BLANKET HALATION HALO EFFECT MOTTLE PICK

HIGH-BULK PAPER A grade of paper specifically manufactured to have a greater thickness than other papers of its basis weight. See also BASIS WEIGHT BULK PAPER

HIGH CONTRAST A term that indicates that there are few, if any, tonal gradations between dark and light areas. Also, a photographic reproduction that contains higher than normal density levels. See also CONTRAST DENSITY GRADATION HALFTONE

HIGH KEY IMAGE A continuous tone photo that consists primarily of highlight areas. An image of a very bright subject without much contrast, such as a snowman on a snowscape. See also CONTINUOUS TONE HIGHLIGHT

HIGHLIGHT To make an item more prominent (darker or lighter) than other items surrounding it. Highlighting a book typically means to mark words, sentences, and/or passages of text with a felt-tipped marker or other bright marking device. See also EMPHASIS UNDERLINE REDLINING

Highlights are the lightest or whitest parts in a photograph, printed halftone or illustration, in contrast to the midtones and shadows. The lightest parts of an image help to reveal shape and texture. Highlights in a halftone reproduction are characterized by the smallest dots or smallest number of dots. The term lightest (brightest) normally refers to areas having a dot density of 10% or less. Areas containing no visible dot are termed specular highlights. See also DENSITY HALFTONE HIGH KEY IMAGE MIDDLETONES SHADOW

HIGH RESOLUTION The ability to reproduce text and graphics with clarity and fineness of detail. High resolution is provided by a large number of pixels (dots) to create the image. In the case of monitor screens, resolution is described by the total number of pixels in both horizontal and vertical dimensions (e.g., 480 × 640). In printing, resolution is defined by the number of dots per inch (dpi) that the printed piece contains (e.g., 300 to 600 dpi for a laser or ink-jet printer). High resolution is also termed hi-res. See also DOTS PER INCH GRAPHIC IMAGESETTER LOW RESOLUTION PIXEL PIXELS PER INCH RESOLUTION TEXT

HINGE The exterior flexible hinge where the cover boards of the book meets the spine. The hinge enables the cover to open without breaking the spine or pulling signatures apart. .The term is usually used in reference to the equivalent interior flexible area. This often cracks, splits, or otherwise shows wear, in an older cloth book. Hinge is often used in place of joint, which more accurately denotes the exterior portion of the hinge. See also BOARD MULL SIGNATURE SPINE

HINTING In digital photography, the act or process of making careful and small adjustments in the outline-filling process of type in order to restore legibility and outline character. Hinting attempts to equalize the weights (thickness) of stems, preventing the disappearance of parts of glyphs on small-sized fonts. See also GLYPH OUTLINE FONT STEM

HISTORICAL NOVEL A novel that has been set in an earlier time or era. Also, a novel that was once a contemporary novel and has survived to a later period. See also NOVEL REGIONAL NOVEL

HISTORICAL ROMANCE NOVEL A historical novel that has a happy ending. Failing this, it will simply be considered to be a historical novel or a saga. The length runs from 100,00 to 135,000 words. See also NOVEL

HOLDOUT A term descriptive of coated paper that has low ink absorption characteristics, permitting ink to set on a high gloss surface, instead of penetrating the fibers. The extent to which a type or grade of paper resists ink penetration. Also, ink that is not absorbed, but remains on the surface of the paper where it will dry. Papers that have too much holdout are responsible for problems with set-off. Glossy papers experience the most holdout. See also ABSORPTION COATED PAPER. GLOSS GLOSS INK SET-OFF

HOMONYM A word that is pronounced the same as another word, but that has a different meaning. The two words may be spelled differently. Hare and hair are examples of homonyms, as are bear and bare, and mat and matte. See also ANTONYM SYNONYM

HONORARIUM A modest, token payment in recognition of work done or a service provided. An honorarium paid to an author or writer for a submission may consist of a small sum of money, a byline, or copies of the publication. See also AUTHOR'S COPIES BYLINE

HORIZONTAL FORMAT A term used to denote landscape orientation. A page having a horizontal format is turned on its side for normal viewing. See also LANDSCAPE PORTRAIT ORIENTATION

HOT MELT A term applicable to a number of adhesives used in perfect binding. Hot melt is applied when hot (300-400 degrees F.), but sets almost instantly when used on a cool surface. Once it has set, the adhesive is solid, although flexible, at room temperature. See also PEFECT BINDING

HOT METAL TYPESETTING An older typesetting process using metal type cast from molten metal, formed in a machine, and produced as a line of type.

The Linotype was invented in the 1880's by Ottmar Mergenthaler. It is a machine that sets type faster than one can do by hand. The Linotype, and other similar machines that followed, assemble a line of matrices, insert adjustable space bars between the words, and cast whole lines in metal type. As well as adjusting line lengths to make all even, the linecasting machine incorporates the spacing between lines in the metal type, eliminating the need to insert thin strips of metal (leads) by hand. Once the slugs have been used, they can be melted down and recast. As a result, printing is always done from newly cast type metal. The Linotype and Intertype are two common linecasting machines. See also GUTENBERG LINOTYPE MATRIX QUAD TYPE TYPE METAL

HOUSE AD An announcement in a magazine (or other periodical) telling readers what will be contained in the next issue, or any other form of self-promotion appearing in the magazine. A house ad is intended to motivate readers, who are not currently subscribers, to become subscribers. It usually occupies an unsold advertising space in the publication. PERIODICAL

HOUSE NAME A fictitious name used by a magazine when the name(s) of the real author cannot be revealed. A house name may be used when a story, which was received from a staff writer or freelancer, has been drastically rewritten by others, or when an editor decides to publish his own writing published without revealing his identity. A house name may also be used if a writer, who has another article appearing in the same issue, is considered likely to develop an inflated ego from seeing his by-line appear too often. In addition, if two or more articles by the same writer appear in the same issue of a periodical, the publisher may worry that readers may conclude that the periodical is unable to afford more than a few writers. In this case, writers may be limited to one byline per issue. No magazine wants to admit that it may be limited in the number of highly skilled professionals that it can afford. See also ANONYM PEN-NAME PSEUDONYM

HOUSE ORGAN A magazine, newsletter, or newspaper, published by a corporation (or other organization) for distribution without charge to its employees. It is not intended for distribution to the general public. An in-house magazine or newsletter. House organs usually contain information about staff changes, hirings, retirements, awards, and other company news. The expense of a house organ is often justified as an important public relations endeavor, which leads to higher employee morale and productivity. The publication should not be confused with corporate publications produced for shareholders, the investment community, or other important stakeholders. See also NEWSLETTER PERIODICAL

HOUSE SHEET A type and grade of paper kept in inventory by a printer for general printing use. Such paper is suited to a wide variety of printing jobs. The paper, which is purchased in quantity, is also termed floor sheet. See also BOND PAPER BRISTOL OFFSET PAPER SHORT RUN PRINTER

HOUSE STYLE The preferred style of presentation or layout by a publishing organization. In order to ensure consistency in typesetting, a publisher or publication may have guidelines concerning grammar, punctuation, hyphenation, indentation, and spelling, in addition to color, typography, and other graphic features. See also DOWN STYLE EDITING POLISH REWRITE STYLE

HUE That attribute of a color that differentiates it from other colors. The property of light by which the color of an object is classified, such as red, blue, green or yellow in reference to the spectrum. A color in its purest state and without black or white added. The color of an object as the eye perceives it. See also CAST PROCESS COLOR SHADE

HUMANIST TYPE STYLE Letterforms that derive from the humanists of the Italian Renaissance of the 15th century. Roman forms based on Carolingian script and italic are the two forms. They are characterized by an oblique stroke axis that reflects the natural inclination of the hand when writing and a modulated stroke. See also LETTERFORM OBLIQUE STROKE

HURT BOOK A book that is shopworn or damaged, but still has all pages intact. Some publishers offer hurt books at greatly reduced prices to booksellers. See also BINDING COPY BOOK BUMPED MARKDOWNS MISBOUND MINT/MINT CONDITION RETURNS REMAINDERS

HYDROPHILIC Having a strong affinity for water. The property of a substrate that causes water to adhere to it. A hydrophilic area prefers water to oil (or oil-based inks). The non-image parts of a lithographic plate are wettable with water and repel the oil-based ink. The opposite of hydrophobic. See also LITHOGRAPHY OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY SUBSTRATE

HYDROPHOBIC Water-repellant. That property of a substrate (e.g., the image part of a lithographic plate), which causes it to repel water and permit an oil-based ink to adhere. The opposite of hydrophilic. See HYDROPHILIC

HYPERBOLE Obvious and extravagant overstatement of fact. Intentional exaggeration in order to sell a product or service, or for effect. Also termed hype. See also BLURB

HYPERLINK A link inserted into an electronic document that joins the point where it appears in a document to another location within the same document, or a different document. Clicking with a mouse on the hyperlink causes the second document or file (or second location within the first document), to which the first document is joined, to appear on the monitor. In text, a hyperlink is usually easily recognizable as it appears in a different color from that used for surrounding copy. Hypertext systems, including the World Wide Web, depend heavily on hyperlinks. See also HYPERMEDIA HYPERTEXT

HYPERMEDIA A form of multimedia, which combines hypertext with media other than printed text. Graphics, audio, and video, are incorporated, with links to and from non-textual elements for the user to click on. See also HYPERLINK MULTIMEDIA

HYPERTEXT A term used in reference to text or documents that contain highlighted words or phrases, which link to other related pages of information. The highlighted links usually appear in a different color than the adjacent text material, typically blue, and are sometimes underlined. The links are called hyperlinks. Readers may jump from one document to another in non-linear fashion by clicking on these hyperlinks. The hypertext documents need not be arranged in any particular sequence or location. Further, the hypertext need not be read in an orderly, linear fashion. Instead, it may be browsed in a random fashion simply by following the hyperlinks.

The World Wide Web Is constructed on hypertext. It uses HTML and HTTP to link together millions of individual pages. Text on one web page links to another, and most sites link to others. The primary method of travel on the WWW involves the use of hyperlinks. (Because the Web combines graphics, audio, video, and text, it is more accurately termed a hypermedia system.) See also ELECTRONIC DOCUMENT HYPERLINK TEXT

HYPHEN A punctuation mark (-) used to join two words together, to indicate where a word has been broken between syllables at the end of a line, or to separate parts of a compound word. Three types of hyphens are the normal hyphen, optional hyphen, and nonbreaking hyphen. Both normal hyphens and nonbreaking hyphens are visible. The normal hyphen is used as part of the normal spelling of the word. It is also termed required hyphen or hard hyphen. Nonbreaking hyphens do not permit a line break. That is, the word cannot be broken into parts at the end of a line. An optional hyphen only appears if a word is split between syllables at the end of a line. It is also called a discretionary hyphen or soft hyphen. See also DASH EM DASH NONBREAKING HYPHEN REQUIRED HYPHEN SYLLABLE

HYPHENATION In word processing and page layout programs, the splitting of a word into two parts on separate lines, with a hyphen at the break on the first line. It is done if the word would extend beyond the right margin, if not split into parts. . This breaking of words into syllables hinders readability, but is normally necessary in order to maintain justification of type. There is sometimes more than one acceptable way in which to hyphenate a word. If one is not sure as to which is best, one should select the way that makes both parts of the word pronounceable.

Many word processing programs can break and hyphenate words automatically at the ends of lines. They are assisted in this by an internal dictionary of words that indicates where to insert the hyphen, a set of logical formulas to make the hyphenation decisions, or both. Hyphens inserted automatically by a hyphenation utility are called discretionary or soft hyphens. Hyphens that you add explicitly by entering the dash character are called hard hyphens. See also DISCRETIONARY HYPHEN HARD HYPHEN JUSTIFICATION SOFT HYPHEN REQUIRED HYPHEN WORD PROCESSING WIIDOW WORD WRAP