IBC An abbreviation of inside back cover, the reverse side of the back cover of a book, magazine, booklet, etc.See also DUST JACKET IFC PAPERBACK COVERS

ICON A miniature image, picture, or other representation used to indicate an object, idea, function, or action. Icons are used in Windows and other graphical user interfaces to indicate utility functions, files, folders, or commands on computer screens. By selecting the icon with a mouse or, or other pointing device, and clicking on it, it can be activated to produce a preprogrammed result. In printed materials, icons are sometimes used to designate chapters or to identify particular material (e.g. a list of telephone numbers introduced by an image of a phone). See also END-ICONS IMAGE

ICONOGRAPHY Symbolic representation. A representation, or group of representations, of a person, place, or thing. The study or analysis of subject matter and its meaning in the visual arts. Iconology. Also, the art of illustrating by symbols or images. See also SYMBOL

IDIOM An expression whose meaning cannot be concluded from the normal meanings of its words that comprise it or from the rules of grammar of the language. Examples of idioms used in North America include bust or flat broke, flush, pushing up daisies, and give me a break.

IFC An abbreviation of inside front cover, the reverse side of the front cover of a book, magazine, booklet, etc. See also DUST JACKET IBC PAPERBACK COVERS

ILLUMINATED A term that describes a manuscript or book that is decorated with initial letters, ornamental letters, designs, colored illustrations, or gilded or hand-painted elements. This was a feature of printed books and old manuscripts..See also ANTIQUARIAN ARCHAISM BRONZING GILT TOP INITIAL CAP ORNAMENT

ILLUSTRATION In publishing, a photograph, cartoon, diagram, drawing, or other illustrative artwork that supplements printed text. Payment for illustrations is normally separate from, and additional to, a manuscript. See also BALLOON FIGURE GRAPHIC ORIGINAL ART

IMAGE A term used in reference to type, illustration, graphic element, or any other original, as reproduced on film, printing plate, or paper, or the digitized representation of such in computer memory for display on a computer monitor or output onto paper or film. See also DIGITAL IMAGE GRAPHIC ICON ILLUSTRATION IMPRESSION CYLINDER VIGNETTE WALK-OFF WASHED OUT

IMAGE AREA That portion of paper, which may be printed. The image area of a page that is bordered by margins, non-image areas. See also MARGIN TEXT BLOCK

IMAGE ASSEMBLY The process of stripping negative line and halftone film, by conventional or electronic means, in agreement with the layout, and imposing pages on press sheets or signatures before the platemaking stage. Another term for stripping. See also HALFTONE LAYOUT IMPOSE SIGNATURE STRIPPING

IMAGE EDITING The process by which photographs and graphics are changed (cropped, enlarged, reduced) and manipulated. This is often accomplished using a software application, such as Adobe Photoshop. See also BITMAPPED GRAPHIC GRAPHIC MASK RETOUCHING

IMAGE EDITOR In desktop publishing, a term descriptive of an application used to enhance a bit-mapped image of a photograph, graphic, text, or other material. See also BITMAP EDITING

IMAGE ENHANCEMENT Electronic functions that highlight or lend emphasis to an image or a part thereof. These may include enlargement, highlighting, shading, or coloring. See also IMAGE PROCESSING COLOR CORRECT

IMAGE PROCESSING A term used in graphics to describe the the use of a computer to enhance, embellish, or refine a digitized image. This may include cropping the image, modifying its colors, enhancing or reducing the contrast, outlining objects and/or altering areas of underexposure or overexposure. See also DIGITAL IMAGE IMAGE ENHANCEMENT

IMAGERY Rhetorical images. Figurative descriptions or illustrations using metaphors, similes, or other methods of description. See also FIGURE OF SPEECH METAPHOR SIMILE

IMAGESETTER A high resolution, professional typesetting device used in desktop publishing to transfer camera-ready text and artwork from computer files directly onto paper, photographic film, or printing plates. Imagesetters print at high resolution (300 to 2400 dpi and typically in excess of 1,000 dpi). They are usually PostScript-compatible. See also DOTS PER INCH HIGH RESOLUTION POSTSCRIPT TYPESETTER

IMAGESETTING The outputting of pictures onto photosensitive film or paper. Another term for phototypesetting. Today's imagesetters not only set type, but also set images and graphics by use of PostScript. Although most imagesetters were designed to be used in digital pre-press work, they can reproduce color photographs and graphics in great detail. The primary advantage of an imagesetter over a laser printer is that it prints at between 1200 and 5000 dots per inch in comparison to 300-600 for laser printers. Imagesetters also can output directly to film and at much larger sizes. See also IMAGESETTER PREPRESS POSTSCRIPT TYPESETTING

IMAGE SHADOW That point or area of an image that has the greatest density. The darkest areas of an image. See also DENSITY SHADOW

IMAGEWRITER A term used in reference to any of the line of dot-matrix printers offered for the Macintosh computer. LaserWriters are the laser printers that were developed for the Macintosh. See also DOT-MATRIX PRINTER LETTER QUALITY (LQ) PRINTER

IMAGING A term for the process of using an output device to produce a copy of a digital file on paper or film. .See also DIGITAL FILE OUTPUT

IMPACT PRINTER Any of the various personal computer-driven printers, which form characters on paper like a typewriter by striking the page with something solid. For example, a dot-matrix printer uses arrays of needles to make direct contact with the printing ribbon and print the image. Dot-matrix printers, daisy-wheel printers, and line printers are impact printers, whereas laser and ink-jet printers are non-impact printers. Although relatively inexpensive, impact printers are slower and noisier than nonimpact printers. However, they are necessary for printing multipart forms, such as invoices. See also CLOTH RIBBON DAISY-WHEEL PRINTER DOT-MATRIX PRINTER INK-JET PRINTER LASER PRINTER LINE PRINTER NON-IMPACT PRINTER PRINTER

IMPORT To load a file created by one computer program into a different program. Also, to bring information into the current program from a different location. The ability to import data enables software applications to complement each other. Many programs can import text and graphics in several different file formats. Importing is a type of file conversion. As a result, some image detail and formatting may be lost in the process. The opposite of importing is exporting. See also EXPORT FILTER FORMAT

IMPOSE To lay out and arrange pages on a large sheet so as to satisfy the requirements of the printing, folding, and binding operations. See BINDING IMAGE ASSEMBLY IMPOSITION PRINTER'S SPREAD

IMPOSITION The arrangement of pages on a printed sheet that, after the sheet has been printed on both sides, folded and trimmed, will leave the pages in correct sequence. The page layout on the sheet that will determine the sequence of each numbered page once the sheets have been printed, folded, and trimmed. Imposition is also called press layout. Ir is a general term for how a printer positions the images on a press-sheet. A head-to-head imposition is an assembly on the sheet in which the top of each page butts up against the top of another. A head-to-tail imposition is an assembly in which the top of the page and the bottom of another butt. See also FOUR UP GANG PRESS SHEET PRINTER'S SPREAD SIX UP STEP-AND-REPEAT UP

IMPRESSION The image created by the pressure of a printing plate, blanket, die, or a cylinder or type, as it comes into contact with the paper (or other substrate). See also KISS IMPRESSION UP

The term is also used to denote all copies of a book printed during one press run. For example, some publishers use the terms first Impression, second Impression, etc., instead of first printing, second printing, etc. Impression was synonymous with edition during the period of the handpress, when type was reset for each printing. See also EDITION

IMPRESSION CYLINDER The cylinder of a printing press, which carries the printing plate or printing blanket. The impression cylinder presses the printing plate or blanket against the paper in order to transfer the image to the paper. See also BLANKET IMAGE PRINTING PLATE

IMPRIMATUR A Latin term for Let it be printed. Official approval or license to print and publish a book, especially a license issued by a censor of the Roman Catholic Church.

IMPRINT The name of the publisher under which a title is issued. Increasingly in publishing the term represents a publishing brand, rather than a company name, under which a group or series of books are marketed over a long period of time. Some publishers have more than one imprint. The word, imprint, is also used in reference to the publication data located at the base of a title page. These details include the city of publication, the printer's name and address, quantity printed, month/year of printing and an internal control number. In addition, the term means to print new copy on a previously printed piece by running it through a press again, such as imprinting an employee's name on business cards. Also called surprint. See also HALF TITLE SURPRINT TITLE TITLE PAGE

INDENT To set in or back from the margin, as exemplified by the space left at the beginning of the first line of a paragraph. To displace the left or right edge of a block of text from the margin, or from other text. The most common indent is formed at the beginning of a paragraph when the first line is set-in from the left edge of the text block. However, an indent can also be created on both sides of copy if it is decided to set a block of text apart from the rest of the paragraph. For example, indented margins are sometimes used to highlight a particular passage. This is termed a left/right indent. When the first line begins at the margin, but successive lines of the paragraph are indented, often used in bulleted lists, the term applicable is a hanging indent. See also BULLET LIST HANGING INDENT MARGIN

INDENTATION The alignment of a paragraph to the right (or left) of the document margins. The setting of a line of text in, or back from, the margin. This is often done at the start of a paragraph, or when constructing a bulleted list, or to set off a particular passage of text. Unless advised differently, a typesetter will usually indent a paragraph by one em. See also BULLET LIST EM INDENT MARGIN PARAGRAPH

INDEX A detailed alphabetical list in the back matter of a book that contains the key words and concepts appearing in the text and the number of the page on which each entry is found. Many word processing and page layout programs can create indexes. The process is not completely automatic as someone must indicate or specify the words to be indexed. See also BACK MATTER FRONT MATTER PAGE LAYOUT PROGRAM WORD PROCESSING SOFTWARE

INDIA INK A black ink used for drawing and preparing artwork. India ink is a liquid ink made from lampblack and glue or size. It is also known as Chinese ink. See also INK SIZE

INDIA PAPER A very thin, strong, opaque paper possessing a fine printing surface. It is less brittle than ordinary paper and will not break if creased repeatedly. India paper is the best grade of fine white paper and is frequently used in Bibles and dictionaries. See also OPAQUE PAPER

INDICIA The preprinted mailing permit information required by the U.S. Postal Service on an envelope in place of a stamp. It indicates that postage has been paid by the mailer. An indicia replaces the stamp or regular cancellation in a large mailing. See also BUSINESS REPLY MAIL MAILER

INFERIOR CHARACTER Another term for subcript or interior figure. See CHARACTER SUBSCRIPT

INFRINGEMENT A breach or violation, as of an infraction of the rules, a law, or a right. In publishing, the term most commonly describes the act of reproducing by one person, in whole or in part, a work copyrighted by another person without the permission of the copyright owner. See also COPYRIGHT FAIR USE RIGHT UNAUTHORIZED EDITION

IN HOUSE A term used in reference to any function or activity performed within a company, rather than by a supplier or outside contractor. In publishing, for example, it applies to any design work, photography, or writing that is done by a company's staff, instead of being assigned to freelancers. See also HACK FREELANCER IN HOUSE PRINTER

IN-HOUSE LIST A list compiled by a company of the names, addresses, and/or telephone numbers or e-mail addresses, etc., of its customers. See also FRIENDS OF THE HOUSE HOUSE ORGAN MAILING SERVICE

IN HOUSE PRINTER A department of a corporation, agency, or association that does the printing for its parent organization. Also termed in-plant printer or captive printer. See also IN HOUSE

INITIAL BASE FONT The base font that was originally established for a word processing program or the printer installation. The font that a word processing program uses for all documents unless one changes it. The initial base font may changed if one selects a different printer. See BASE FONT DEFAULT FONT

INITIAL CAP In typography, an enlarged capital letter, often decorated, at the beginning of a chapter or paragraph, which rises above the first line. Its base is aligned with the baseline of the first line of text. Such initials may also be called raised initials. Medieval scribes used initials as decorative trimmings on the page, often coloring or gilding them. They were normally used to mark the beginning of a chapter. The contrast of the size and blackness of the initial with its background attracts the reader's attention. See also BASELINE DROP CAP ILLUMINATED INITIAL X-HEIGHT

INK A fluid or paste of various colors, but usually black or dark blue, used for writing and printing. It is composed of a pigment or dye dissolved or dispersed in a liquid called the vehicle and modifiers. The vehicle is an oil-based liquid, such as linseed oil, cottonseed oil, soybean oil, and litho varnish. Colored pigments are made from mineral compounds, such as zinc oxides. Black pigments are made from oil and natural gas. The modifiers in ink are substances, such as driers, waxes, and greases that are added for specific purposes. Driers help ink to dry quickly. Waxes prevent the migration of ink to the back of the sheet above. Greases reduce stickiness and accelerate the drying and setting of ink. Each printing process has its own inks. See also BITE BODY CHALKING DRIER FOUNTAIN CYLINDER GLOSS INK INK MIST INDIA INK INK FOUNTAIN INK MIST INKOMETER LONG INK MAGNETIC INK METALLIC INK OPAQUE INK PIGMENT PILING SCUM SETOFF SHORT INK SLUR TACK TRANSPARENT INK VEHICLE VISCOSITY

INK CARTRIDGE A term used in reference to the disposable component of an ink-jet printer, which contains the ink. See also CARTRIDGE INK-JET PRINTER

INK FOUNTAIN A term to denote the reservoir, which holds the ink or varnish on a printing press and continuously supplies it to the inking roller. See also FOUNTAIN CYLINDER INK

INKJET PRINTER A general designation for nonimpact printers that form characters by means of a fine spray of tiny droplets of electrostatically charged ink through tiny nozzles in the print head at precise locations on the paper. An inkjet printer provides an alternative to laser printers. The quality and speed of an inkjet printer are greater than that of a dot-matrix printer. However, the inkjet is slower than a laser printer. Nevertheless, it provides high resolution, has good speed, and operates quietly. Some color inkjet printers are able to print near-photo-quality pictures if special plastic-coated paper is used. See also BUBBLE-JET PRINTER HEWLETT PACKARD NONIMPACT PRINTER PRINT HEAD RESOLUTION

INKOMETER An electronic device that measures the tackiness, or cohesion, of printing inks. It enables one to compare different inks in order to evaluate them, in addition to maintaining quality control of press production. See also INK QUALITY CONTROL TACK

INK MIST The mist of minute ink particles created during printing. Ink mist tends to collect on the press, the surrounding floor, and everything near the press. The pickup and distribution rollers are responsible for most of the ink mist. See also CLEAN UP INK LONG INK WASHUP

INLINE In typography, a reference to any character or symbol placed within, or directly adjacent to, lines of text. See also CHARACTER FLOATING GRAPHIC INLINE GRAPHIC SYMBOL

IN-LINE FINISHING In publishing, a term used in reference to binding and finishing operations, which have been integrated with the printing operation to form one continuous operation that begins at the printing press and ends with the finished publication. Inline finishing includes trimming, slitting, and all other finishing operations. See also BINDING FINISHING OPERATIONS

INLINE GRAPHIC Any graphical image located within a line of text. See also GRAPHIC

IN-LINE POSITION A term to describe the alignment of an image that prints in the direction of paper movement through the printing press IMAGE .POSITIONING

IN PRINT A term applicable to books or other publications, which are presently available from their publishers. They are in stock. See also BOOKS IN PRINT OUT-OF-PRINT

INPUT DEVICE Any device or equipment, such as a keyboard, scanner, or bar-code reader, which is used to enter alphanumeric or graphic information into a computer system. It accepts input from a user and converts it into a form that the computer can process. An output device does the reverse. See also ALPHANUMERIC BARCODE READER KEYBOARD MOUSE OPTICAL CHARACTER RECOGNITION QUERTY KEYBOARD SCANNER TRACKBALL

INSCRIBED A term to describe a book that bears a handwritten and signed statement, often located on the end paper or title page and usually written to a designated person(s). Unless otherwise advised, it is assumed that the author was the one who inscribed the book. The inscription is called a presentation inscription, if the author wrote it to increase the book's appeal for use as a gift from either the publisher or himself. See also BOOK

INSERT To position an object between two other objects. Words, characters, and paragraphs are frequently inserted into one's current work in word processing. In publishing, insert refers to a printed advertisement, illustration, map, fold-out, order form, or other special material, which does not form part of the original publication, but is subsequently bound into the book, publication, or printed pierce. The insert may be several pages in length. In direct mail and mail order, insert describes any item, such as a brochure or pamphlet, included in a direct mail package. See also BROCHURE PAMPHLET TIP-IN

INSERTION ORDER A purchase order for advertising space given by an advertising agency (or advertiser) when placing advertising in a specific issue(s) of a newspaper, magazine, or other printed publication. See also PURCHASE ORDER

INSIDE MARGIN The space between the text and the binding edge of the page. The inside margin is also called the gutter. See GUTTER MARGIN

INTAGLIO PROCESS Any of the printing techniques based on use of a plate on which an image has been engraved, etched, or pitted. The plate is covered with ink and then wiped clean, leaving ink in the etched or engraved lines or areas of the image. During printing, moistened paper is forced down into these areas of the plate, and the image is transferred to the paper. See also ENGRAVING ETCH GRAVURE PRINTING PRINTING PLATE ROTOGRAVURE

INTEGER A whole number, whether positive or negative, such as 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, etc. The term doers not apply to a fraction or a mixed number. If a number contains decimal places, integer applies only to those numbers on the left of the decimal point. See also CHARACTER NUMERIC KEYBOARD

INTELLECTUAL PROPERTY Ideas, in addition to the tangible expression of them, constitute the product of an individual's intellectual efforts. Intellectual property includes, but is not limited to, ideas; literary works (art and music); patents (inventions and processes); trade secrets (recipes, code, and processes); and names, trademarks, and logos (companies and products). The product of human intelligence is deemed to be original, have value in the marketplace, and deserve protection under the law. Accordingly, copyrights and patents receive protection. See also COPYRIGHT RIGHT TRADEMARK

INTERCAP A capitalized letter that appears in the middle of a word. The S in PostScript is an example of an intercap. Sometimes, a company that has used an intercap in its trademark will argue that the correct spelling of its trademark requires the capitalization. However, this is not accepted by all. See also POSTSCRIPT TRADEMARK

INTERCHARACTER SPACING An alternate term for letterspacing. See LETTERSPACING

INTERLEAVED A term descriptive of a book into which blank leaves have been inserted between the regular printed leaves. Also, book in which blank leaves alternate with the printed leaves. Finally, a book into which blank pages have been inserted for notes or written comments. See also BLANK BOOK LEAF

INTERNAL FONT Another term for resident font. See RESIDENT FONT

INTERNAL LEADING The amount of space within the leading that is reserved for glyph features, which rest outside of the EM square, such as accents. See also ACCENT EM GLYPH LEADING

INTERNATIONAL PAPER SIZES The International Standards Organization (ISO) system of paper sizes. It is based on a series of three sizes A, B and C. Series A is used for general printing and stationery, Series B for posters and Series C for envelopes. The standard sizes are used throughout the world, except for the United States. The International Standards Organization (ISO) administers the standards. They formerly were a German industrial standard known as DIN (Deutsche Industrie Norm).

Each size is one half of the next larger size. (AO paper has an area of one square meter.) All sizes have the same height-to-width ratio of 1.414:1. The best known size is A4. The dimensions of the A sizes of sheets of paper appear below. See also CUTSTOCK

• A0 841 mm × 1189 mm or 33.11 ins. × 46.91 ins.
• A1 594 841 23.39 33.11
• A2 420 594 16.54 23.34
• A3 297 420 11.69 16.54
• A4 210 297 8.27 11.69
• A5 148 210 5.83 8.27
• A6 105 148 4.13 5.83
• A7 74 105 2.91 4.13
• A8 52 74 2.05 2.91