P An abbreviation for page. The abbreviation for pages is pp. See PAGE

PACKAGER See BOOK PACKAGER

PACKING SLIP A document enclosed with a shipment of books (or any products) listing the items sent. The packing slip sometimes consists of a partial copy of the invoice. In such instances, it usually shows the list price of the items purchased, although it may not include discounts or the net price. See also BILL OF LADING FULFILLMENT

PAGE (P) One side of a leaf. One signature folded in half yields two sheets or four pages of a book. Conversely, a four-page signature has two pages printed on each side of the sheet. In word processing or desktop publishing, page refers to the text and/or graphics to be printed on one side of a sheet of paper. See also LEAF OVERLEAF SHEET SIGNATURE

PAGE BREAK The end of a page of text. The point in the document at which the text moves from one page and continues to the top of the next. Word processing programs insert a page break automatically when a full page of text has been entered. Because the program may adjust the location of the page break if text is added or deleted above it, the automatic page break is called a soft page break. In contrast, a user can enter a hard page break, also called a forced page break or manual page break. This is a command or code to begin a new page at the location of the hard page break. See also HARD PAGE BREAK PIPELINING SOFT PAGE BREAK WORD PROCESSING

PAGE COMPOSITION See PAGE MAKEUP

PAGE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE (PDL) A special form of programming language, such as PostScript, which describes the output to a laser printer, imagesetter printer, or other output device by a series of mathematical statements. This enables the applications software to be independent of the physical printing device. In contrast, the normal case requires that specific routines be written for each device. See also POSTSCRIPT

PAGE DOWN KEY A key on the computer keyboard that one uses to cause the next screen of information to be displayed. See also KEYBOARD PAGE UP KEY SCROLLING

PAGE LAYOUT The act or process of assembling and arranging the text and graphics on the pages of a document. The assembling on the page of the elements that will comprise the page. This involves decisions concerning margins, columns, position of illustrations, typefaces, and other factors that will affect how the printed page will appear.

The bottom margin will be the widest. Margins at the top and sides will be thinner. Copy placed in the exact center of the page will appear too low. Instead, placing it two units from the top and three from the bottom, so that dimensions are in a 2:3 ratio, will give the best sense of proportion. The look of printed material on the paper will be pleasing in a good layout. Page layout is also called page makeup or page composition. See also GOLDEN RATIO MASTER PAGE PAGE LAYOUT PROGRAM OPTICAL CENTER PAGE MAKEUP

PAGE LAYOUT PROGRAM Software that has been designed for creating camera-ready copy. A page layout program assembles text and graphics, enabling one to precisely position, size, scale, and crop the material. It combines the roles of layout artist and typesetter; merging the ouput of word processing and graphics programs to prepare pages ready for printing. Page-layout programs are usually slower than word-processing programs, but normally give more control over text flow, kerning, and managing color separations. Page layout programs, such as PageMaker, QuarkXPress, and Corel Ventura Publisher, provide many different designs, called templates or stylesheets that provide a framework into which the individual elements will fit. See also DESKTOP PUBLISHING KERNING QUARK XPRESS TEXT WRAP WORD PROCESSING

PAGEMAKER A highly successful, page-layout computer program developed by Aldus, but since sold to Adobe Systems, Inc., and associated with desktop publishing. It has experienced increasing competition in recent years from other, newer similar products. See also ADOBE SYSTEMS, INC. DESKTOP PUBLISHING QUARK XPRESS

PAGE MAKEUP The assembly, electronically or by hand, of all elements, text and/or graphics, which comprise a page in preparation for printing. The assembly, positioning, color correction, manipulation, processing, and output of full pages consisting of any mix of line work and continuous-tone images. Page makeup is also called page composition or page layout. See also CONTINUOUS TONE LAYOUT MAKE-UP PAGE LAYOUT

PAGE ORIENTATION See LANDSCAPE MODE PORTRAIT ORIENTATION

PAGE PRINTER Any computer printer, which prints a complete page at once. A page printer stores an image of an entire printed page in its memory and then transfers it to the paper in one operation. Consequently, a page printer must have a relatively large memory. Non-impact printers, which produce a complete page in one action, include laser printers, liquid crystal shutter (LCS) printers, light-emitting diode (LED) printers, LCD shutter xerographic printers, ion-deposition, electro-erosion and electro-photographic printers. Inkjet and dot-matrix printers, which print one line at a time, are not page printers. See also LASER PRINTER LINE PRINTER NON-IMPCT PRINTER PRINTER

PAGE PROOF A proof of the pages as they will appear in the finished publication with type and graphics complete, along with such elements as headings and rules. This is the stage after galley proofs. Once the galley proof has been read and corrected, the pages are arranged in correct sequence and page numbers assigned. Then, a new proof is pulled and resubmitted for final correcting.

The page proof is almost the end of the development cycle. Consequently, much of the proofreading is concerned with ensuring that page numbers are referenced correctly in a table of contents and checking hyphenation, etc. Proofs at this stage can also be used as an advance promotional tool. See also GALLEYS PROOF

PAGE RATE A term used in reference to a method of payment for an article that a freelance writer has written. Literary magazines frequently compensate writers on the basis of a rate per published page, rather than a specific amount per published word. With many words on a page, a writer, who is compensated by a page rate, receives a fraction of what would he would receive if paid by the word. See FREELANCER KILL FEE ON SPEC

PAGES PER INCH (PPI). A measure of the thickness of paper, the PPI is the number of pages contained in a one-inch stack of paper. This information is supplied by the manufacturer of the paper stock for use when calculating book spines. For example, a total number of book pages of 256 divided by a PPI of 512 for the paper stock indicates that the spine will be ½" in width. See also BULK SPINE

PAGES PER MINUTE (PPM) A measure of the speed of a computer printer. The number of pages per minute that a printer can print is frequently asked by persons when shopping for a computer printer. Although manufacturers' ratings may provide a relative comparison among different printers and models, they are not necessarily accurate. The actual printing speed (ppm) of a printer may be lower for jobs using special fonts or graphics. See also LASER PRINTER LINES PER MINUTE

PAGE SETUP The series of decisions that determine how a file will be printed on a page. Page setup decisions may change the dimensions of paper used (ledger, legal, normal, executive), page orientation (portrait or landscape), indentation, justification (left, right, centered), printing mode (draft, normal, best), which pages will be printed, font, font size, font style (normal, italic, bolded), and various effects. The decisions are made by selecting from a series of choices presented. See also FORMAT INDENTATION JUSTIFICATION ORIENTATION

PAGE SIZE Page size determines the trim size of the final publication. Consequently, it determines the location of the crop marks on the pages relative to the artwork. The printer should be consulted about the precise page dimensions necessary for a particular final size of a publication. The most common page size in the United States is 8½" × 11." The equivalent in metric systems is the A4. The latter is narrower and slightly longer. See also BASIS SIZE CROP MARKS INTERNATIONAL PAPER SIZES LEGAL SIZE

PAGE UP KEY A key on the computer keyboard that one uses to cause the previous screen of information to be displayed. See also KEYBOARD PAGE DOWN KEY PAGE SCROLLING SCROLLING

PAGINATE To number the pages of a document. To specify the sequence in which pages appear by adding a page number to each leaf of a book or other document. See also FOLIO REPAGINATE

PAGINATION In word processing, the process of dividing a document into pages for printing, whether manually or electronically. Also, the process of automatically numbering the pages of a document. Today's word processing programs have a background pagination feature, which functions when the user has stopped typing and the microprocessor's task load is low. See also ORPHAN PAGE BREAK WIDOW WORD PROCESSING

PALLET The raised wooden platforms on which books and other goods are stacked for storage in distribution centers and delivery to customers. Pallets have surface dimensions of 48" x 40" and are approximately 5" in height. A forklift truck operator is able to insert the fork into the space between the pallet's upper and lower surface in order to lift the pallet. See also INVENTORY SKU

PALETTE The available screen colors. Also, a grid that displays these colors and is useful when selecting colors. A subset of colors chosen from a larger set. For instance, although the original IBM VGA can display more than 250,000 different colors, a program user can choose a palette of no more than 256 for use at a time See also COLD COLOR COLOR MODEL RGB TRUE COLOR WARM COLOR PIXEL

PAMPHLET A complete, unbound, informational publication of generally less than 80 pages and stitched or stapled together, often only a few. A brochure. See also BOOKLET BROCHURE INSERT SADDLE-STITCHED

PANCHROMATIC A reference to a photographic film, which is responsive to all visible colors of light. See also ACHROMATIC CHROMA FILM

PANEL FOLD A term for two parallel folds that create three equal panels, each of which may be printed on both front and back. It is created by folding a paper twice, as one does when preparing a letterhead or sheet of stationery to fit into a business envelope. This is the customary way of folding letterheads in order that they will fit into envelopes. The panel fold is also called barrel fold, letter fold, gate fold, or wrap-around fold. See also ACCORDION FOLD FRENCH FOLD PARALLEL FOLD RIGHT-ANGLE FOLD SINGLE FOLD

PANTONE A registered name for an ink color matching system known as the Pantone Colors, previously known as Pantone Matching System, and marketed by the Pantone Company. Pantone is a popular and widely used color matching system that has become the unofficial standard of the North American graphic arts and printing industry for defining and specifying spot colors - non-process ink colors. (Process colors are generally specified using the CMYK color model.)

There are approximately 500 basic ink colors in the Pantone Colors system. Each is identified by a (Pantone) number (e.g., PMS 485 is a bright red) and a letter (usually U or for uncoated paper and C for coated paper). (In fact, there are thousands of colors in the Pantone Matching System, including specialty inks such as metallics and pastels.).

A (Pantone Colors) color swatch book is available from graphics art stores. The swatch book contains about 500 ink samples and is divided into sections for both coated and uncoated paper. Each color sample is identified by its (Pantone) number. When requesting a particular color from a printer, one can select the (Pantone) color that matches what is desired and specify that Pantone number for the printing job. It is desirable to also mark on the overlays the Pantone numbers of the colors to be used.

Specifying colors by Pantone name or number assures one that the correct color will be printed, regardless of how it appears on a color monitor. A wide variety of products are keyed to this numbering system. Specifying a color by Pantone number provides assurance of consistent reproduction. Some software also employ the Pantone system. if a document is to be printed in process colors, all colors will be created by combining yellow, magenta, cyan, and black. If additional colors will be used, they should be specified by Pantone number. Trumatch is a competing system. See also COLOR MODEL FAN GUIDE FOUR COLOR PROCESS PROCESS COLOR SPOT COLOR

PAPER Matted or felted sheet, usually made of cellulose fibers, not much greater than one millimeter in length, formed on a wire screen from pulp. Trees constitute the primary source of cellulose fibers, although paper can be made from cotton, flax, esparto, straw, hemp, jute, and other materials. Waste paper is also an important source of fiber for papermaking. It is called secondary fiber to distinguish it from the fiber obtained directly from wood (sometimes called primary fiber). Some of the properties of a paper depend upon the process used to separate the fibers from the timber. The main processes are called mechanical and chemical.

In the papermaking process, the paper pulp, or stock, which is 99.5% water, flows onto the fine wire-mesh screen of the paper machine. As the screen shakes back and forth, the water drains off, leaving the fibers, which mat together to form a long ribbon of paper, called a web. The next stage is the press section, which consists of a number of sets of heavy rollers through which the moist paper is conveyed. Following this is the dry end, which consists of a large number of steam heated drying cylinders. Part way through the bank of drying cylinders is the size press at which a solution of water and starch can be added to improve the surface of the paper. Beyond the drying cylinders is the calender, a stack of polished steel rollers mounted one on top of the other. The function of the calender is to polish or glaze the surface of the paper. The paper is then wound onto large reels for later cutting into sheets or slitting into smaller reels.

Differences among grades and types of paper are determined by several factors, including the various materials added to the pulp, such as bleach or coloring, sizing, and various chemicals. Although chlorine was historically used as a bleach, alternative bleaches that have a lower impact on the environment, such as chlorine dioxide or oxygen. are now increasingly used by the industry.

Paper's strength and durability is determined by factors such as the strength and length of the fibers, their bonding ability, and the formation and structure of the sheet. Paper strength is described in such terms as bursting strength, stiffness and softness, and liquid penetration. Among the most important paper grades are bond, book, bristol, groundwood, newsprint, kraft, paperboard, and sanitary. See also ABSORBENCY ACID-FREE PAPER ALKALINE PAPER ARCHIVAL PAPER BALE BANK BANKNOTE PAPER BIBLE PAPER BITE BOND BOOK PAPER BRISTOL BURSTING STRENGTH CALENDER CALENDERED PAPER CALIPER CARBON PAPER CAST COATED PAPER COATED ONE SIDE COATED PAPER COATED TWO SIDES COATING COPYING PAPER COTTON PAPER DECKLE DUPLEX PAPER ENAMEL ENGLISH FINISH ENVELOPE PAPER FOURDRINIER MACHINE FREE SHEET GRAIN GRAMMAGE GRANITE FINISH HIGH-BULK PAPER HOUSE SHEET INDIA PAPER KRAFT PAPER LAID PAPER LETTERHEAD MACHINE COATED MACHINE FINISHED MARBLED PAPER MECHANICAL PAPER MULLEN TESTER NEWSPRINT OFFSET PAPER ONION SKIN PULP RAG PAPER REAM ROTOGRAVURE PAPER SIZE SUPERCALENDERED PAPER TEXT PAPER TWIN WIRE UNCALENDERED UNCOATED VEGETABLE PARCHMENT VELLUM FINISH WATERMARK WET END WOOD-FREE PAPER WOVE PAPER

PAPERBACK A book bound in a flexible paper cover without boards. A paperback is less durable than a hard cover edition, but also less expensive. It is often a low-priced edition of book available in hard-cover. Also called paperbound or softcover See also BOARD HARDBACK MASS-MARKET PAPERBACK POCKETBOOK QUALITY PAPERBACK SOFTCOVER TRADE PAPERBACK

PAPERBACK COVERS As in the case of dust jackets of hardcover books, the front covers of paperbacks carry the title, edition, author's name, publisher's name, and often the price. As with a dust jacket, the purpose of the paperback's front cover is to advertise the book. It must attract readers, provoke curiosity, and generate a perception of value. The rear cover may include extracts from reviews or other copy designed to sell the book. It also gives the ISBN number and the publisher's name and price, if not shown on the front cover. Both inside covers are usually left blank. See also DUST JACKET IBC IFC ISBN PAPERBACK

PAPERBOARD A thick, stiff cardboard made from layers of paper pulp compressed together. Monolayer paperboard is essentially thick paper. It is often used in multi-layers. See also DUPLEX BOARD PAPER PULP

PAPERBOUND An alternative name for paperback or softcover book. See PAPERBACK

PAPER-FEED The mechanism that causes the paper to move through a printer. In dot-matrix printers, the paper feed is usually a pin feed or tractor feed mechanism. A tractor-feed mechanism pulls the paper through by means of a rotating wheel, which has nubs that catch in the holes on each side of the continuous paper. Laser and other page printers use a friction feed mechanism. In this type of mechanism, the paper is gripped between the platen and pressure rollers, and pulled by the rotation of the platen. See also CONTINUOUS PAPER DOT MATRIX PRINTER FANFOLD PAPER PIN FEED PLATEN PRINTER TRACTOR FEED

PAPER FINISH See FINISH

PARADOX A statement or proposition that appears to be self-contradictory or unreasonable, but that expresses a possible truth. "The child is father of the man." Also, a self-contradicting proposition.

PARAGRAPH A distinct portion of written or printed matter usually containing more than one sentence, but shorter than a chapter, and dealing with a particular idea. A paragraph begins on a new line and is usually indented. It is a subsection of a larger piece, article, manuscript, book, or text. To a word processing program, a paragraph is a unit of information that can be selected or formatted differently from adjacent paragraphs. See also CHAPTER FORMAT HANGING INDENT INDENTATION

PARAGRAPH MARK The symbol () used to denote the beginning of a paragraph and most commonly used in legal work and editing (as a proofreader's mark). It sometimes is used as a footnote sign. It is often termed a blind P. See also PARAGRAPH PROOFREADER'S MARKS

PARALLEL COLUMNS A term in publishing to describe columns of printed text when the text of the second column is not a continuation of the text of the first column. The second column may contain a different article or topic, or provides comments or notes on the substance of the first column. Alternatively, the second column may be a side-by-side translation into a foreign language of the text contained in the first column. For example, the pages of many Canadian government documents carry parallel columns of text in English and French. See also COLUMN NEWSPAPER COLUMNS

PARALLEL FOLD A method of folding paper in which two or more parallel folds are made in the page. That is, the paper is folded two or more times with each fold made in the same direction. Two parallel folds in paper will produce a six-page sheet. Examples of parallel folds include the single fold, panel fold, letter fold, and accordion fold. See also ACCORDION FOLD FOLD FRENCH FOLD LETTER FOLD PANEL FOLD RIGHT-ANGLE FOLD SINGLE FOLD

PARAPHRASE A rewording or restatement of text, or of a passage, usually without changing the meaning, but adding clarity. Also, the act or process of rewording or restating, usually for reasons of clarity or brevity.

PARCHMENT A writing material prepared from the inner side of the split skin of a sheep or goat, etc. for use as a material on which to write. Parchment is also used in reference to a manuscript or document written on such material. In addition, a paper resembling this material. Finally, the term is used to describe a hard finished paper that simulates animal skin and is used for documents, such as awards, on which some words or text are written by hand. See also VEGETABLE PARCHMENT VELLUM

PARCHMENT PAPER See VEGETABLE PARCHMENT

PARENTHESES Punctuation marks used in pairs () to mark an explanatory interjection or remark that is inserted into a sentence, which is grammatically complete without the insertion. They set off subsidiary thoughts or phrases that represent asides. Parentheses are also used to separate several qualities or a group of elements in a formula, equation, etc. that are to be treated as a whole. They are rounded brackets that are used similarly to brackets. Also termed parens. See also BRACKETS PUNCTUATION

PARODY A satiric imitation of a literary, artistic, or musical work; or writer, composer, etc. with the intention of ridiculing the work or person. The satirist exploits the peculiarities of the work or person, whether the writer's method of expression, overuse of certain words, or whatever he can find to ridicule. See also SATIRE

PARTIAL REMAINDERS See REMAINDERS

PARTS A term in book publishing to denote groups of chapters in a large work that may logically be brought together in parts. When parts are used, they are usually numbered with Roman numerals (Part I, II, III, IV). Each part usually opens on a recto page and is followed by a blank verso. There may or may not be a subsidiary table of contents for each part. The word parts refers to parts of a book, whereas sections refers to sections of a chapter. See also CHAPTER SECTION TEXT

PASTE In text editing, to insert at the cursor's location the text or graphics that has been cut or copied from another location or document. In Windows and Macintosh systems, the clipboard provides a temporary storage area for the cut or copied material while it is moved to its new location. The term, paste, also denotes the command in word processing that reinserts the highlighted text into the document. See also BLOCK MOVE CLIPBOARD CUT CUT AND PASTE

PASTE DRIER Any drying compound, or combination of such compounds, used in printing inks to improve the ink's drying properties. See also DRIER INK

PASTE-UP To paste the various reproduction-quality elements of a layout in correct position on a mounting board to form camera-ready mechanical artwork ready for final reproduction. This is usually done on a light table. The elements are fixed in position with a paste, glue, wax or some other adhesive. The mechanical includes all corrected text, headlines, and artwork. It is often called a paste-up. If needed, the mechanical: includes overlays where needed. See also CAMERA-READY LAYOUT LIGHT TABLE MECHANICAL OVERLAY PAGE MAKEUP PASTEUP BOARD X-ACTO KNIFE

PASTE UP BOARD Any sheet of paper or board that serves as the base on which text and/or graphic elements are positioned and pasted in order to create a mechanical. Also called lineup board. See also BOARD MECHANICAL

PASTICHE A musical, literary, or artistic work consisting largely or entirely of materials, forms, or techniques borrowed from one or more sources. An incongruous combination of materials, forms, or techniques, taken from different sources. A hodgepodge. Also, a work that imitates the work of another person.

PATHOS The quality in witting, narrative, or a literary work, etc. that evokes feelings of pity, sympathy, or sorrow. See also NARRATIVE

PAYMENT ON ACCEPTANCE One method of payment to freelancers whose articles are accepted for publication. In this case, the editor sends a check as soon as he has read the article or manuscript and decided to publish it. See also FREELANCER PAYMENT ON PUBLICATION

PAYMENT ON PUBLICATON A common form of payment to freelancers whose articles are published in periodicals. Instead of payment on receipt of article, some editors process payment only upon publication of the article or piece. In fact, this can sometimes be stretched into 30-90 days following publication. See also FREELANCER PAYMENT ON ACCEPTANCE

PEARL In printing, a name for 5-point type. See also AGATE DIAMOND POINT TYPE SIZE

PEER REVIEW A term applicable to the proofreading of a manuscript editing by one who is considered to be an expert in the subject field. He reviews for content, rather than writing style. See also CONTENT EDIT PROOFREADING TECHNICAL EDIT

PEN NAME A name used by an author of a book or magazine article instead of his real, legal name. For any of various reasons, the writer may desire to conceal his true identity. Alternatively, a publisher may ask the author to use a particular pen name for a particular book or series of articles for marketing purposes, particularly if a writing style is involved, which differs from that for which the writer is known. Also, a publisher may want to present a series of articles as the work of more than one person and therefore request that the writer adopt a pen name for one or more of the pieces. A pen name is also termed nom de plume or pseudonym. See also HOUSE NAME PSEUDONYM

PERF A shortened form of perforate or perforation. See PERFORATE

PERFECT BINDING A binding method in which the edges of sheets are glued to a cover like a telephone book. The folded signatures are stacked on top of each other. The four sides are trimmed and the back is roughed mechanically. Glue is applied and the stack is inserted into its cover. The signatures of a book are held together by the flexible adhesive, instead of being sewn or stitched. Because the pages lie flat when the book is opened, perfect binding permits narrow gutter margins. This is the-method employed for magazines, most paperbacks and often, in order to reduce costs, hardcover books. A perfect bound book has a squared-off spine on which the title and name of the author may be printed. Perfect binding is also called unsewn binding or adhesive binding. See also GRIND-OFF GUTTER MARGIN HOT MELT SIGNATURE

PERFECTING PRESS A sheet-fed printing press that prints both sides of a sheet of paper or web (or other material) in a single pass through the press. See also DUPLEX PRINTING PRESS SHEET SHEET-FED WEB

PERFORATE To create a line of small holes in paper or cardboard, typically a printed sheet, by cutting, boring, piercing, or punching, etc. Perforating paper or cardboard weakens it and enables one to fold or tear easily along the line of perforations. Perforating may be accomplished on a press or by means of a slotted rule. In perfect binding, the leaves of a book are perforated on the spine fold in order to aid the binding operation. See also DRILLING RING BINDING

PERFORMANCE RIGHTS The right to use a copyrighted work, such as a book, on television or radio, in a movie, or on the stage. The royalties are usually divided between the copyright holder and agent on a 90/10 basis, or 80/20 if a subagent is hired. See also RIGHT ROYALTY

PERIOD A punctuation mark signifying the completion of a sentence and the pause that should occur between sentences. This pause is longer than that required by a comma. The period is also termed a full stop. It is derived from the Greek periodos, which means cycle and therefore completion of a thought. See also ELLIPSIS PUNCTUATION

PERIODICAL Any publication, which is published at regular intervals. This includes journals, magazines, and newspapers published daily, weekly, or at other intervals. See also BULLDOG HOUSE AD HOUSE ORGAN NEWSLETTER ONLINE NEWSLETTER SERIAL THEME ISSUE ULRICH'S PERIODICALS DIRECTORY

PERMANENT FONT A font that, when downloaded from a computer to a printer, remains in the printer's memory only until the printer is shut off. See also DOWNLOADABLE FONT TEMPORARY FONT INTERNAL FONT

PERMISSION In publishing, a term used in reference to the authorization from a copyright owner that permits one to reproduce or quote material from a work copyrighted by him or her. See also COPYRIGHT REVIEW PIRATED EDITIION PUBLICITY

PHOTOCOMPOSITION In traditional typesetting, the use of photographic and electronic equipment to lay out and produce a printed page. A light-sensitive film or paper is exposed to images of typed chanters. Then, the film carrying the image of the text is used to make a plate for letterpress, gravure, or lithographic printing. In desktop publishing today, phototypesetters accomplish the same results. Photocomposition is also called phototypesetting or filmsetting. See also GALLEYS GRAVURE PRINTING IMAGESETTER LETTERPRESS LITHOGRAPHY PHOTOTYPESETTING

PHOTOCOPY In addition to its regular meaning, the term is used in reference to a facsimile, a copy of an original manuscript. Although most editors accept photocopied submissions, the use of them suggests that the writer is submitting to several publishers simultaneously. Consequently, some editors will not accept photocopies of manuscripts. See also FACSIMILE SIMULTANEOUS SUBMISSION XEROX CORPORATION

PHOTOENGRAVING Any of several processes to produce printing plates by photographic means. A plate is coated with a photosensitive substance and then exposed to an image, usually on film. How the plate is then treated depends on whether it is to be used for a relief (letterpress) or intaglio (gravure) printing process.

In relief printing, the nonprinting areas of the plate are cut away to a lower depth. Ink is distributed on the raised surface only and then transferred to paper. With intaglio plates, it is the printing areas that are cut or washed away with acid. The entire plate is washed with ink, which is then wiped off the upper surface, leaving the incised areas filled with ink. The ink is subsequently transferred under pressure to paper.

In order to create halftones for relief printing, the light falling on the plate surface coated with a photosensitive substance is required to pass first through a patterned screen (usually glass ruled with a uniform grid of opaque lines and then a negative transparency of the image). The screen breaks the image into a pattern of dots of various sizes. The size of a dot depends on the amount of light transmitted at that point. Thus, when the plate is developed, usually by washing away the unexposed coating, the surface is left covered with dots of varying size that correspond to the various tones of the image. The areas of large dots take more ink than small ones and print as dark areas.

In intaglio printing, known as photogravure, a transparent positive is used with a screen of opaque squares to produce a plate of tiny cells that are etched to varying depths. The deepest cells, holding the most ink, represent the dark areas on the image. Because the cell pattern breaks up fine lines, photogravure is not ideal for printing type, although useful for continuous tone copy like photographs and drawings. It is generally produced by rotary printing, known as rotogravure. See also BENDAY PROCESS HALFTONE INK INTAGLIO PROCESS LETTERPRESS ROTOGRAVURE SCREEN

PHOTO FEATURE A feature in a publication that places more emphasis on the photographs than on the accompanying text. See also FEATURE GRIP AND GRIN MUG SHOT ONE-SHOT FEATURE

PHOTOGRAVURE A method of printing in which the gravure image is etched into the plate cylinder photographically. The photographic negative is projected to a sensitized gelatin emulsion or a carbon, which is then transferred to a copper plate. The plate areas corresponding to the image on the negative are dissolved and the plate is etched by acid. Photogravure printing is used where high-speed, long runs are desirable, such as for the printing of magazines and mail order pieces. See also GRAVURE PRINTING INTAGLIO PROCESS ROTOGRAVURE

PHOTOMECHANICAL A term used in reference to any platemaking process in which plates are coated with photosensitive coatings and exposed to photo negatives or positives. Also called diffusion transfer. See also NEGATIVE PLATEMAKING POSITIVE

PHOTOMONTAGE A combination of several photographs joined together by pasting individual prints together, by exposing individual images on a single sheet of paper, or by simultaneously exposing the images of all through negatives that have been superimposed. Photomontages are usually created for artistic effect, or to show more than what appears in any of the individual photographs. The juxtaposition of separate images through successive exposures became fashionable during the 1860s, particularly in the form of contrived group portraits. See also DOUBLE BURN COMPOSITE MONTAGE

PHOTOSTAT A photographic reproduction of type or art that was produced by a photocopy machine. It can be the same size as the original, or larger or smaller. It can be created from film, artwork, or other stats, etc., and be a negative or positive. It may be used as line art for many art applications. A photostat is also termed a stat. See also CONTACT PRINT PHOTOCOPY

PHOTOTYPESETTING To set type photographically, rather than by manual or digital means. The formation of character images on sensitive film or paper by light. Phototypesetting has been almost entirely replaced by imagesetters that, in conjunction with computers, can create an infinite range of type sizes and in increments as little as 1/10th of a point. See also IMAGESETTER IMAGESETTING PHOTOCOMPOSITION

PICA A unit of measurement in typography and printing. Because a point is so small, a second and larger unit, the pica, is needed. It is used to measure horizontal and vertical distances on the page, with the exception of type sizes, which are expressed in points. A pica is approximately 1/6 of an inch or 0.166 in. Printers use a ruler that is calibrated in picas and is also known as line gauge or pica rule. See also CICERO LINE GAUGE POINT

In typewriting and letter-quality printing, pica denotes a 12-point monospace font that prints at a pitch of 10 characters per inch (cpi), as do most fixed-pitch computer printers. Typewriters use two sizes of type, pica and a smaller one - elite. See also ELITE MONOSPACE FONT

PICK In paper, a white spot on the printed surface of a sheet caused by ink adhering to the paper and pulling a particle or fiber from the paper's surface. Also, the condition of an adhesive, which makes it difficult to draw or pull evenly due to high surface tack. Finally, a small metallic particle on a printing plate, due to a defect in the mold, that leaves a spot on a printed sheet. See also HICKEY PICKING TACK

PICKING When the tack (pulling force) of ink is greater than the surface strength of paper, there is some lifting of the paper surface. This is called picking. The lifting of fibers or coating from the surface of the paper during printing. It shows as small white spots on printed areas of solid color. This is usually the result of a quality control problem by the paper manufacturer. In order fulfillment, picking refers to the process of selecting the various titles from inventory to fulfill a particular order. See also FULFILLMENT PAPER QUALITY CONTROL TACK

PIECE In writing, piece is synonymous with an article or column, or other editorial work. For example, one might mention, "This piece is about the Great Barrier Reef." In printing, piece is synonymous with unit, as in an individual piece. See also ASSIGNMENT COLUMN UNIT

PIED TYPE A very old printing term for type, which is so mixed up that it must be resorted before it can be reused. See also TYPE

Pi FONTS Type characters that are not usually included in a standard character set. Such non-standard fonts may consist of arrows, timetable symbols, map symbols, bullets, dingbats, mathematical signs, commercial symbols, and others, including custom-created symbols. See also CHARACTER CHARACTER SET SYMBOL FONT

PIGMENT The finely ground, dry, solid particles, which become ink when suspended in a liquid vehicle. Pigments supply color, opacity, and body. See also INK OPACITY VEHICLE

PILING A term from printing to denote the accumulation (piling up) of ink on the rollers, blankets, and/or plates on a printing press. See also FILLING IN INK

PIN In dot-matrix printers, the movable stiff wire that presses against the ink ribbon to make dots on the paper. Dot-matrix printers are classified by the number of pins on the printer head. The greater the number of pins, the higher will be the quality of the printing. Dot-matrix printers have between 9 and 24 pins. A 24-pin printer can produce letter-quality print. The 9-pin printer produces printing that is readable, but not graceful. See also DOT-MATRIX PRINTER LETTER QUALITY (LQ) NEAR LETTER QUALITY PRINTER PIN FEED The method of supplying paper to a printer whereby holes along the edges of continuous form paper are seized and held by small pins attached to rollers on the ends of the platen. As the rollers turn, the paper is pulled along. See also CONTINUOUS PAPER FRICTION FEED PAPER FEED PLATEN TRACTOR FEED

PIN REGISTER A reference to the use of holes in film and printing plates, combined with pins, to ensure correct alignment and registration. Also, a similar use of pins in the frame of a scanner and artwork to ensure correct positioning. See also ALIGNMENT ARTWORK REGISTER REGISTRATION

PIPELINING The act or process of flowing text automatically from the bottom of one column to the beginning of the next. Also, from one page to another page, whether or not it is the page immediately following. See also COLUMN JUMP NEWSPAPER COLUMNS WRAP

PIRATED EDITION Any edition of a book, which is reproduced and sold without legal authorization by, or payment of royalties to, the copyright owner. Copyright laws were introduced during the late 19th century to reduce this practice. See also COPYRIGHT EDITION ROYALTY

PITCH A measure, generally used for fixed pitch (fixed-width or monospaced fonts), pitch is the number of characters of a particular size and style of type in a linear inch. Fixed pitch fonts are the type of fonts used with typewriters, dot-matrix printers, and daisywheel printers. In fixed-pitch type, every character has the same width. Common pitch values are 10 and 12. The term, 10-pitch, means that there are 10 characters to the inch (also called pica type). The term, 12-pitch, means that there are 12 characters per inch (also called elite).

In proportional pitch fonts, different characters have different widths. For example, the letter g is wider than the letter i. Therefore, proportional fonts can have no pitch value, except for an average of many different letters. See also CHARACTER CHARACTERS PER INCH DOT PITCH FIXED PITCH FONT KERN POINT PROPORTIONAL: FONT PROPORTIONAL SPACING WIDTH

PIXEL A term formed from picture and element. A pixel is the smallest distinct element of a bitmapped image that a computer monitor can display. It is one of the thousands of tiny points of glowing phosphorous that are individually displayed on the screen by a computer, or on paper by a printer, and that combine to create the image. A pixel may be lit in one of many different shades of gray or colors, or unlit. A program creates images on the screen by controlling the color of each pixel. Small pixels give greatest clarity (resolution) of image. See also BIT DEPTH BIT-MAPPED GRAPHIC TRUE COLOR

PIXELS PER INCH (PPI) The unit of measurement of resolution of a computer monitor or an image file. The number of pixels in a linear inch in both horizontal and vertical directions. The greater the number of dots, the higher the resolution. VGA resolution is 640 pixels × 480 pixels. Super VGA is 1024 × 1280. A monitor of 640 pixels × 480 pixels would have (640 × 480) 307,200 pixels per square inch. The term DPI is sometimes used instead of PPI when discussing resolution of image files and monitors, although PPI is correct. See also DOTS PER INCH RESOLUTION

PLAGIARISM The unauthorized copying of another's work and representation of it as one's own without acknowledgement to the real author. The appropriation of the written work of another. Also, a work so appropriated and presented. See also ACKNOWLEDGMENT PERMISSION

PLAIN TEXT Data in ASCII format. A plain text document is one that contains only standard ASCII characters - letters, numbers, and punctuation. Almost every application supports plain text, regardless of operating system. However, plain text is limited by its inability to contain formatting instructions. It is also called clear text. See also ASCII CHARACTER

PLANOGRAPHY The art or techniques of printing images directly from a flat or plane surface, where the image area is chemically different, like lithography, or by offset. See also LITHOGRAPHY OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY

PLASTIC COMB BINDING A mechanical book binding method in which holes are punched in the text block along the binding edge and a plastic comb inserted through the holes to secure the pages. Also, the comb itself. The comb is a length of rigid vinyl plastic sheeting, which has been diecut in the shape of a comb and rolled into a cylindrical grasping device. The wire spiral binding method is similar. See also COMB-BIND GBC MECHANICAL BINDING SPIRAL BINDING WIRE SPIRAL

PLATE An illustration printed separately from the text of a book and inserted into the book during the binding operation. It is printed on paper different from the rest of the book, and usually heavier and of better quality. In photography, the term, plate, refers to a sheet of glass or metal, etc., that has been coated with a sensitized emulsion and is used for taking a photograph. Finally, plate is commonly used to denote a printing plate. See also BOOKPLATE FRONTISPIECE GATEFOLD ILLUSTRATION PRINTING PLATE

PLATE CYLINDER The cylinder of a rotary printing press to which the metal printing plate is mounted. See also FOUNTAIN CYLINDER PLATE

PLATE FINISH A smooth, hard finish of paper applied by calendering. Also, any bond, cover stock, or Bristol board that has a very smooth finish imparted by calendering. See also BOND BRISTOL COVER STOCK

PLATEMAKER A machine which makes the plates for offset printing. See also OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY

PLATEMAKING In printing, the act or process of making printing plates. This is the stage at which a film negative is exposed to a plastic or metal plate and the resulting image developed on the plate with the use of special chemicals. The offset plate has an image area, which accepts ink and repels water, and a non-image area, which accepts water and repels ink. The plate may be a direct-image plate, a direct photographic plate, an electrostatic plate, or a pre-sensitized plate. See also DIAZO PLATE

PLATEN The cylinder in most impact printers and typewriters, which provides a supporting surface against which the print mechanism strikes the paper. The paper is held against the platen by a spring-loaded bar where it is struck. In dot-matrix and letter-quality impact printers, the platen also serves to guide the paper through the printer. See also DOT MATRIX PRINTER IMPACT PRINTER PAPER-FEED

PLOT The plan or scheme of events in a novel, play, etc. The main story of a play, novel, poem, or short story. See also CLIMAX NOVEL SUBPLOT SUSPENSE

PLUGGED A term that describes a printing condition distinguished by a loss of dot reproduction. No dots are evident. Photographs appear muddy and text characters fill in. This may be caused by excessive ink, an incorrect ink/water balance, or faulty plate engraving. See DOT GAIN ENGRAVING FILLING IN

POCKET In bookbinding, a pocket made of paper, cloth, or other material, affixed to the inside front or back cover of a book. It may or may not be gusseted.

POCKET BOOK A synonym today for paperback. In fact, Pocket Books, a Simon & Schuster subsidiary, was the first American company to produce mass-market paperbacks. It was a pioneer in the so-called paperback revolution. See also PAPERBACK

POD An acronym for print on demand. See PRINTING ON DEMAND

POINT In typesetting, a standard unit of vertical measurement for type size (the height of characters) or the space (leading) between lines. Both are usually specified in points. One point equals 0.013830 inch (0.351 mm). There are 12 points to the pica and 6 picas to the inch. A line of type set in a 12-point size is about 1/6" in height.

The sizes of metal pieces of type were standardized 200 years after Gutenberg invented movable type. A French printer, Fournier, designed a point system during the 1700's. However, it required a decree from King Louis XV before printers adopted Fournier's points. Historically, a point was 0.01383 inches, a little less than 1/72 of an inch, but this has changed. Originally there were 72 points to a French inch, which was slightly larger than the English inch. Consequently, the United States Typefounders Association defined a point in 1886 as 72.27 to an English inch. However, most modern publishing applications assume 72 points to the inch.

In Europe, the didot points are still used. The name, didot, comes from Francois Ambroise Didot, who perfected the European system of type measurement. 1 U.S. point = 0.934 Didot points. Alternatively, 10 Didot points = 10.70 U.S. points.

Although typesizes are expressed in points, the length of a line of type is expressed in picas. In paper, point is a unit of thickness equal to 1/1000 of an inch. See also DIDOT POINTS NON-PAREIL PICA TWIP

POINT-OF-PURCHASE (P.O.P.) Short for point-of-purchase materials. In bookselling, a light rack or box, sometimes having a wire frame or manufactured from a strong cardboard, used as a (additional) display vehicle for books or other merchandise. It is often placed near the cash register in a bookstore or other retail outlet. Also called a POP display or a dump. See also DUMP BIN MERCHANDISING RACK JOBBER

POINT-OF-SALE (P.O.S.) A term applied to any promotional or merchandising display materials used in a retail location where consumer purchasing takes place. In bookselling, the term describes the display materials that publishers provide to bookstores as a means to promote their particular titles. See also MERCHANDISING

POINT SIZE A term for type size, the distance expressed in points between the top of the highest ascender to the bottom of the lowest descender. In Europe, cap height expressed in millimeters often serves as the measure of type size. See also ASCENDER CAP HEIGHT DESCENDER POINT TYPE SIZE

POLEMIC An adjective applicable to an article, book, or publication that contains a written attack on a policy or opinion, sometimes merely to stimulate controversy. See also NONFICTION

POLISH In writing and editing, to improve or clean up copy by removing awkward phrases, clichés, and redundancies, and correcting awkward construction and other weaknesses. See also EDITING HOUSE STYLE

POLYGLOT Multilingual. A word applicable to a book, which contains the same text in several languages.

POOR TRAPPING An undesirable printing result characterized by improper registration of different colors of inks, creating thin white lines between colors. See also DRY TRAPPING TRAPPING WET TRAPPING

POP Acronym for point-of-purchase. See POINT OF PURCHASE DISPLAY

PORK CHOP See THUMBNAIL

POROSITY The structural property of paper that permits air, gas, or liquid to permeate, and therefore ink to penetrate. The greater the paper's porosity, the greater is the capacity for ink penetration. The porosity of a sheet of paper is revealed by the size distribution of its pores, but determined by the compactness of its fibers. See also ABSORBENCY

PORTABLE DOCUMENT FORMAT (PDF) A file format created by Adobe's Acrobat software that combines all elements of a design (text, graphics, embedded fonts, audio, video, etc.) in one coded ASCII file that can be viewed on any computer without loss of formatting or graphics. Viewing requires use of Adobe's Acrobat Reader or other PDF readers, which are freely available for a variety of computer systems (Macintosh, Unix, Windows, etc.). For example, a PDF file created on a Macintosh using Adobe Acrobat can be given to someone using a Sun workstation. In order to read the file, the Sun user would need a copy of the freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader. PDF files faithfully replicate the layout of the original document, with the result that they appear the same on every computer on which they are viewed.. The PDF format is widely used to distribute documents electronically on the Internet, by e-mail, and between different platforms. See also ACROBAT READER ADOBE ACROBAT ADOBE SYSTEMS, INC.

PORTRAIT An image or page that is oriented vertically. A page that has a height greater than its width. This is typical of letters, memos, and other text documents. It contrasts with landscape, which denotes text or an image on paper that is horizontally oriented. See also LANDSCAPE

PORTRAIT MODE See PORTRAIT ORIENTATION

PORTRAIT ORIENTATION In this page layout, text and graphics are printed down the length of the paper. As a result, the page's height (or depth) is greater than its width. Portrait orientation is the normal configuration of pages in books and magazines, letters, reports, and other documents. It is one of two common page orientations. Portrait orientation is also known as portrait or portrait mode. See also INVERSE PORTRAIT MODE LANDSCAPE ORIENTATION ORIENTATION

POSITIONING The act of placing an image or block of text in a precise location of a page layout. In marketing, a statement or description of how it is intended that consumers perceive the product or service offered (e.g., the benefits that will be perceived). See also ABSOLUTE PLACEMENT ORIENTATION PAGE LAYOUT RELATIVE PLACEMENT

POSITIVE A photographic image on paper or film with the tones corresponding to the original subject. The dark and light areas of a positive are the same as those of the original subject. A positive is also termed a film positive. If the positive is on paper, it is often termed a print. See also BROMIDE FILM INVERT MATTE PRINT NEGATIVE STRIPPING

POSITIVE SPACING A term to denote looser letter spacing.

POST-PRESS A term applicable to any activity following printing, such as trimming, folding, binding, etc. See also PREPRESS

POSTPUBLICATION RIGHTS Another term for second serial rights.

POSTSCRIPT A page-description language (PDS) from Adobe Systems, Inc. that controls exactly where and how printed elements will appear on the page. It. offers flexible font capability and high-quality graphics. PostScript defines the outlines of letters and numbers, permitting unlimited flexibility in type size, style, shading, and placement on a page. Supported by both IBM and Macintosh, PostScript is used to control laser printers and other graphical output devices. An application designed to work with it will automatically send PostScript codes to the printer. The user can also write programs in the PostScript language. See also ADOBE SYSTEMS, INC. ENCAPSULATED POSTSCRIPT INTERCAP OUTLINE FONT PAGE-DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE POSTSCRIPT PRINTER

POSTSCRIPT FONT Any font defined by PostScript page-description language rules and intended for printing by a PostScript-compatible printer. PostScript fonts are differentiated from bitmapped fonts by their detail and smoothness. See also BITMAPPED FONT PAGE DESCRIPTION LANGUAGE POSTSCRIPT

POSTSCRIPT PRINTER A printer that has the microprocessor and memory needed to decode and interpret printing instructions provided in PostScript, a page description language (PDL) widely used in desktop publishing. Although more expensive than other printers, PostScript printers can print text or graphics in subtle gradations of gray. Further, they can handle Encapsulated PostScript (EPS) graphics and outline fonts, both of which are scalable without distortions. See also ENCAPSULATED POSTSCRIPT OUTLINE FONT POSTSCRPT SCALABLE

POSTURE Posture, or slant, is a way in which typefaces can differ, in addition to ornamental face or script. Most type families have a variation that slants to the right and is known as italic. Although these letters slant, they do not connect, as do some cursive or script styles. The cursives simulate handwriting, but italics maintain the design of the upright version. Conservative typographers reserve the term, italic, for custom-designed serif typefaces, rather than electronically produced serifs. See also CURSIVE SERIF TYPEFACE TYPE FAMILY

POWDERING Another term for chalking. See CHALKING

PPM The abbreviation of pages per minute. See PAGES PER MINUTE

PREASSIGNED CONTROL NUMBER (PCN) A unique identification number that the Library of Congress assigns to the catalog record created for each book in its cataloged collections or for each book likely to be acquired by the Library of Congress. The publisher prints the control number in the book. This facilitates cataloging and other book processing activities for libraries and booksellers. This number is assigned while the book is being cataloged. The CIP program and PCN program are mutually exclusive. Titles processed in one program are not processed in the other program.

There is no difference between a Library of Congress card number and a Library of Congress control number. They are the same. The Library of Congress Control Number (LCCN) is the number associated with the bibliographic record created by the Library of Congress, or another library, for a given book. The LCCN is technically the control number for the bibliographic record, rather than the book. In the past, the printed card in a card catalog was the most popular format for displaying the catalog record. Consequently the number associated with the record was commonly referred to as the Library of Congress Card Number. Other formats, however, were also used to display and distribute catalog records book catalogs, microform catalogs and online catalogs. As the most popular format for displaying and distributing catalog records is now the online automated system, it is more accurate to use the term Library of Congress Control Number rather than Library of Congress Card number.

The PCN program and the Copyright program are entirely separate activities of the Library of Congress. Records created in the process of copyright registration, document the intellectual or creative ownership of a work. They are not bibliographic records. In contrast, Library of Congress Control Numbers (LCCNs) are associated with bibliographic records, which will be created by the Library of Congress, or other libraries, after the works are published. The purpose of the LCCN is to facilitate access to the bibliographic record in order to expedite book processing by the libraries and book dealers, who obtain copies of the book. See also CATALOGING IN PUBLICATION LIBRARY OF CONGRESS

PRE-CUT A term for printed materials that have been cut to size in advance..

PREFACE Part of the preliminary matter; the preface serves as a general introduction to the book. It provides the author's introductory remarks. This may explain the reason for the book, along with its aims and scope, how to use it, and disclaimers. It also includes any acknowledgments, unless they appear as a separate section. The preface begins on a new right-hand page and is usually set in the same type as the text. See also FRONT MATTER

PRELIMS The commonly used term preliminary pages, the introductory pages that precede the main text of a book, often numbered in roman numerals. Prelims include title page, copyright page, preface, contents, and any other non-text pages. They are also called Front Matter.

PREMIUM A free book or other gift sent to a potential customer as part of a promotion. It may be sent through the mails, either in an initial mailing (front-end) or following the prospect's response to the initial mailing. (back-end). In matters of paper, premium is used to describe any paper that its manufacturer believes to be superior to #1. See also DIRECT MAIL MARKETING

PREPRESS A term applicable to all work done between writing and printing. This includes photography, color separations, stripping, checking color, creating proofs, typesetting, platemaking, layout, imposition, and any other functions performed by the printer, separator, or a service bureau before printing. Today, many of these functions are done electronically by computer. See also PREPRESS POST-PRESS PROOF SERVICE BUREAU VIGNETTE

PREPRESS PROOF Proofs made by photographic techniques as a means to eliminate the expense of making press proofs. A prepress proof is prepared by photomechanical or digital means in less time and at a lower cost than required for press proofs. Cromalin and Matchprint are examples of prepress proofs. A prepress proof is also termed an off-press proof. See also PHOTOMECHANICAL PRESS PROOF

PRE-PRINTED STOCK Cover stock or other paper stock that has already been printed, often with a design or other repeating element. A conventional business letterhead provides one example of preprinted stock. See also LETTERHEAD

PREPUB A pre-publication price. See PREPUBLICATION PRICE.

PREPUBLICATION COPY A copy of a new book that is shipped before the book's official publication date in order to generate early sales and interest. See also ADVANCE COPY PUBLICATION DATE PUBLISHER'S WEEKLY

PREPUBLICATION PRICE A special price for a new book, which applies to all orders received in advance of the book's publication date. Such discounted prices are often available during the Christmas season, but end with the new year. They usually apply to expensive books. The discounted price may be offered to all, or only to certain, organizations or individuals. See also DISCOUNTS. LIST PRICE TRADE LIST

PRE-SCORED A term descriptive of any printed material, which has been received from the printer already scored in order to make folding easier. See also SCORE SCORING

PRE-SENSITIZED PLATES A term descriptive of printing plates that have been covered with a light-sensitive emulsion. Such plates are usually made from paper, plastic, or aluminum. The coating on the exposed parts of the plate is exposed to light before being developed. The coating on the exposed portion of the plate will not dissolve in water, but is protected by a lacquer. See also EMUSLSION PRINTING PLATE

PRESS A shortened form of printing press, the machinery used to print materials in large quantities. See also PRINTING

PRESS CHECK A quality check performed when the job is on the press. It refers to an examination of the first few printed press sheets before authorizing full production. Very often, the customer attends the first printing in order to perform the press check - to personally approve or reject the first copies of the printing job to emerge from the printing press. Assisted by the press operator, he checks the color registration, accuracy of colors, ink coverage, and overall quality. He remains until an acceptable sheet is produced. In the case of four-color process printing, this usually occurs only after one or more adjustments on the press give an acceptable balance of colors across the entire sheet. See also PRESS SHEET QUALITY CONTROL REGISTRATION

PRESS DATE The date on which printing of a book or other publication begins. The date on which it is scheduled for printing on a printing press. See also PUBLICATION DATE

PRESS-ON TYPE Another term for transfer type. See TRANSFER TYPE

PRESS PROOF A press sheet produced on the printing press to verify colors and image tonal values, registration, and other dimensions of quality. A few sheets are run for customer approval before printing the entire job. See also OFF-PRESS PROOF PRESS CHECK PRESS SHEET

PRESS RELEASE An announcement of a new book or new product sent to a news organization for publication. It is prepared on one's letterhead and announces the a new title and explains what it is about in concise, easy-to-follow language. The sender encloses a photograph of the book and a statement indicating where it can be purchased. A press release supplies information about events and occurrences that an editor would not otherwise receive.

The media is comprised of newspapers, magazines and trade journals, radio, and television. All are effective tools for attracting public attention. Press releases constitute the standard way of catching the attention of the media. As suggested by the title, press releases are designed to communicate information. Consequently, they should have a strong purpose and a unique angle, failing which the release will end up a pile with many others. See also BUMPH NEWS RELEASE PERMISSION THIRTY

PRESS RUN A term to denote both the act of printing and the total number of copies printed or to be printed. For example, "There will be a press run on Thursday." Alternatively, "There was a press run of 200,000 copies." Press run is also termed print run.

PRESS SHEET In sheet-fed printing, a full-sized, finished printed sheet taken from the beginning of a printing run for a job, usually to check colors, registration, and other aspects of importance or concern. A press proof. See also PRESS PROOF PROOF SHEET REGISTRATION

PRINTABILITY The overall evaluation of how well a paper reproduces the images and performs on the printing press. A paper that has good printability will run smoothly on the press. Further, the quality of the printed images will be high.

PRINT BLOCK See TEXT BLOCK

PRINTER A journeyman printer. One whose occupation is printing or a company that produces printed products for others. Also, a computer peripheral that prints alphanumeric characters or graphics on paper. See ALPHANUMERIC BUILT-IN FONT DOT-MATRIX PRINTER INKJET PRINTER LASER PRINTER LETTER-QUALITY PRINTER THERMAL PRINTER VENDOR

PRINTER ENGINE That part of a printer that actually perform the print-imaging and fixing, and moves the paper. It is distinct from the printer controller, which includes all the processing hardware for the printer. The printer engine in a laser printer is the mechanism that creates the image by means of a laser and fuses it to the paper. Printer engines have differing resolutions, speeds, paper-handling features, and longevity. Many printer engines are self-contained, easily replaceable units. See also RESOLUTION

PRINTER SPREAD A term that describes mechanicals where the arrangements of pages can be imposed efficiently for printing, rather than one created in reader-friendly fashion, as in a reader spread. That is, the imposition of pages, as they will be reproduced on press and assembled, rather than how the pages will appear in a final bound publication. For example, the arrangement of pages on a mechanical of 11" by 17" for an eight-page pamphlet will be one with pages 2 and 7 opposite each other. See also GANG RUN IMPOSITION MECHANICAL READER'S SPREAD SIGNATURE PRINTING

PRINTER'S DEVIL A term from the earlier days of printing that is akin to apprentice today. During the 18th and 19th centuries, one began a career in printing as a Printer's Devil. This was an unpaid assistant, who received only room and board, typically in the printing shop. He ran errands, cleaned the hand type, the presses, and the shop, ran errands, and did whatever else the journeyman printer asked.

PRINTER'S ERROR (PE) Any mistakes made by the printer during preparation of the job for printing following submission of the original materials by the client. Changes or corrections necessitated by factors other than alterations by the author. Such changes are considered to be the result of printer's errors. The expense of these changes are not borne by the client. See also AUTHOR'S ALTERATIONS OFF REGISTER

PRINTER'S ORNAMENT See ORNAMENT

PRINT HEAD (or PRINTHEAD) That part of a printer that mechanically controls the printing of characters on paper. In the case of an impact printer, the print head contains the pins that strike a ribbon and forces ink onto the paper. Alternatively, it may consist of pins that transmit an electrostatic charge to the paper, or ink jets.

PRINTING The process for reproducing text and illustrations, traditionally by applying ink to paper under pressure, but including today a variety of other methods. For illustrations, the representation of a full tonal range is achieved in letterpress and offset by photographing the artwork through a halftone screen to break up the image into dots of different sizes, which will transfer different amounts of ink. In rotogravure the effect is achieved by varying the volume of the cells etched into the cylinder. Correct print color reproduction is primarily dependent on ink film thickness, dot size, registration, and ink trapping.

Full-color illustrations are produced by separating the subject into its yellow, red, blue, and black components. Separate plates or cylinders are made for each color. The separate colors, when superimposed in register during the printing operation, produce a full-color reproduction of the original.

The four primary printing methods are letterpress printing (relief printing), intaglio printing (gravure), screen printing, and offset lithography (planographic printing). In commercial printing, only three (letterpress, rotogravure, and offset) are important.

The letterpress system relies on mechanical pressure to transfer a raised inked image to the surface to be printed. The three main designs of letterpress machines: are the platen press, the sheetfed flatbed machine, and the webfed rotary press. The webfed rotary press prints on a continuous roll of paper and usually can deliver a folded product, such as a newspaper. Letterpress flatbed and rotary presses can be designed to print one or more colors, or to print both sides of the paper.

In contrast to printing from a raised image, the rotogravure method is an intaglio process. It relies on the transfer of ink from recessed cells of varying depths. Rotogravure presses are usually fed by a roll of paper and deliver the product as a series of pages in the desired sequence. Multiunit rotogravure presses can produce magazines, complete or in sections, in several colors at high speed. Rotogravure is able to transfer a higher density of pigment per unit area than other printing processes. It is used primarily for long-run magazine production and the packaging industry.

In the offset system, the printing and nonprinting areas of the plate do not differ in height, but in wettability by ink. The plate is coated with a layer of a light-sensitive material and exposed by the image from a photographic negative of the text. The exposed areas are insoluble in water and receptive to ink. The unexposed areas are washed fee of the light-sensitive substance, but left moist and therefore repellant to ink. The essential components of an offset press are the printing plate, which is clamped around the plate cylinder; the wetting and inking systems; the offset or blanket cylinder, and the impression cylinder. The inked image is transferred from the plate onto the rubber blanket on the offset cylinder, and from there to the sheet of paper gripped by the impression cylinder. Offset presses that print on rolls of paper are known as web offset presses. They usually print both sides of the paper. Both sheet and web presses can be designed to print one or more colors. Because platemaking costs are lower and press speeds are higher, offset has replaced letterpress as the most widely used printing process. See also INTAGLIO PROCESS LETTERPRESS OFFSET LITHOGRAPHY REGISTRATION ROTOGRAVURE SCREEN TRAPPING

PRINTING ON DEMAND A term to describe the concept of fulfilling any size of order for a book, even for a single copy, without the need to keep any finished copies in inventory. This usually involves maintaining the final edited manuscript on computer ready for immediate printing; covers on hand, already printed or ready for printing internally; and the ability to do the binding internally. Standardizing book sizes and materials is important, but organization is essential. However, a fast printer is needed. There are printing operations that have a very long production line that prints one complete book on each pass of the press, collates it, folds it, cuts it, binds it, and drops it into a waiting carton. See also SHORT-RUN PRINTER

PRINTING PAPER A general term for all papers that may be used as medium for printed information. It is important that such papers be fast drying, smooth, sufficiently opaque that printing on the reverse side will not show through, provide uniform ink trapping and dimensional stability, and have sufficient strength and stiffness to pass through the press quickly without problems. Many printing papers are coated for better printability. See COATED PAPER PAPER TRAPPING

PRINTING PLATE A flat or curved sheet of metal, plastic, glass, or similar hard material, on which an image has been engraved, etched, molded, photographically developed, or drawn, the surface of which is treated so that only that image is ink-receptive. The plate is inked in order to facilitate transfer of impressions of the image to other surfaces. The plate is, usually imaged from film negatives by lowering, raising, or chemically treating the print area to differentiate it from the non-printing area. On commercial printing presses, a separate plate is required for each color of ink being used. See also ETCHING IMPRESSION IMPRESSION CYLINDER PRE-SENSITIZED PLATE REGISTRATION MARKS WALK-OFF

PRINTOUT Another term for hard copy, a printed copy of the text or data generated by a computer, or contained in a computer file. See HARD COPY

PRINT QUALITY The clarity and quality of characters produced by a printer. This varies by type of printer. For example, dot-matrix printers produce lower quality printing than do laser printers. In addition, quality is affected by printer mode.(e.g., draft, normal, best). Further, print quality is affected by resolution. The term print quality is also used in reference to the capability of a particular paper to reproduce text and images well. See also DRAFT MODE LETTER QUALITY NEAR LETTER QUALITY RESOLUTION

PRINT RUN Another term for press run. See PRESS RUN

PRIVATE PRESS A term applicable to a small press, usually dedicated to the production of small quantities of books, often finely printed. In many instances, the private press is operated by one person. See also SHORT RUN

PRIVATELY PRINTED A term that indicates that the expense of printing the mentioned book or other publication was paid by an individual (often the author) or group and is intended for private circulation, rather than for sale to the general public. See also SELF-PUBLISHED WRITER VANITY PRESS

PROCESS BLUE A term to denote the blue or cyan color used when printing with process colors. See CYAN PROCESS COLOR

PROCESS COLOR Any one of the three subtractive primary colors (cyan, magenta, or yellow) or black. The term, process color, is also used to describe the process of creating a wide range of colors or color images by mixing percentages of cyan, magenta, yellow, and black inks.

The term also refers to the CMYK color model used in offset printing. In this model, colored photographic images are separated into the subtractive color components of cyan, magenta, and yellow (as well as black) for printing. All other colors are created by the use of layers of various sizes of halftone spots printed in the subtractive colors that are combined to reproduce the original hues. See also COLOR MODEL COLOR SEPARATION CYMK HALFTONE HUE LAYDOWN SEQUENCE PROCESS COLORS SPOT COLOR

PRODUCTION The department within a publishing organization that is responsible for purchasing paper and inks, printing, and quality control. It may or may not have a (sub) department for graphic design. See also QUALITY CONTROL

PROFORMA INVOICE An invoice sent after the order has been received, but before it is filled (shipped), so that the customer can prepay his order. This is useful for those who need to receive an invoice before they will send a check. (The accounting and control systems of many companies require that an invoice be received before a check may be prepared.) The proforma invoice resembles a conventional invoice. See also INVOICE

PROGRESSIVE PROOFS Color proofs made from the separate negatives in process color work for a multicolor printing project that show each color singly and then cumulatively, as each is superimposed on the preceding color in the sequence in which the inks will be printed. Also, any proofs made from the separate plates of a multi-plate printing project. Progressive proofs are also called progressives or progs. See also OVERLAY PROOF

PROJECT EVALUATION AND REVIEW TECHNIQUE (PERT) A means to plan and control complex projects that provides assurance that the various component stages will be completed in the optimum sequence and on time. PERT requires one to determine the sequence of component activities that will facilitate completion of the overall project in the least amount of time. As an aid to the planning, a chart is prepared, which identifies the project's various component tasks and their interrelationships. The technique is often called PERT and sometimes called the Critical Path Method CPM).

PROJECT GUTENBERG A project that makes available on the Internet the texts of books that are in the public domain. The project's philosophy is to make information, books, and other material available to the general public in forms that the majority of people, computers, and programs can easily read, use, quote, and search. The files for the books are in plain ASCII. Project Gutenberg was begun in 1971 at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. Its website can be found at http://www.promo.net/pg/ See also PUBLIC DOMAIN

PROLOGUE Text that appears at the beginning of a narrative and sets the stage, or introduces the story. A preface or introductory part of a literary work. A preliminary dialogue. An epilogue contrasts with a prologue, which offers parting comments at the end of a narrative. See also EPILOGUE FRONT MATTER PREFACE

PROOF An impression from a plate, negative, or inked type showing how a printed job will appear when completed. A proof provides something to check for errors or flaws so that corrections can be made before printing a final piece. It is prepared specifically for this purpose. A proof can take many forms, including a full-sized sheet from an Initial or early printing, a black-and-white, a blueline, a matchprint, trial prints from a negative or plates, etc. The term, proof, is also used as a verb for proofread. Proofing refers to any of the methods or technologies used to create a simulation of the printed finished product. See also BLACK AND WHITE BLUELINE DIRECT DIGITAL COLOR PROOF GALLEYS HARD PROOF MATCHPRINT OFF-PRESS PROOF OZALID PROOFREAD TEARSHEET UNCORRECTED PROOF

PROOFREAD To edit a manuscript or other typeset material. To read and check for spelling and punctuation errors, grammar, literary style, document layout, or mistakes in typesetting. To review galley proofs for errors. Also, to check the color, position, and accuracy of text and images on a page layout. See also GALLEYS LAYOUT PROOFREADER.

PROOFREADER A person employed to examine proofs prior to publication and identify errors for correction. The proofreader looks for typographical errors, misspellings, incorrect punctuation and hyphenation, omissions, etc., marks them using proofreader's marks, and then returns the copy to the typesetter for correction. He or she subsequently checks the revised proof to ensure that all corrections have been made. A proofreader may be an employee of a publishing house or a freelancer specifically engaged to check text proofs. See also FREELANCE MARGINALIA

PROOFREADER'S MARKS The set of standardized symbols and abbreviations used by proofreaders and copy editors when proofreading manuscripts to indicate errors discovered and corrections required. When manuscripts are typed double spaced, the copy-editing marks are inserted into the body of the copy. In proofs, only location marks are inserted into the copy area. Other marks are entered in the margin. Proofreader's marks are also known as correction marks. Dictionaries and style manuals often include lists of proofreader marks.

PROOFREADING The process of carefully checking a proof copy (of a manuscript) to identify all spelling, punctuation, content, and style, as well as typographical errors, and giving instructions for change by the use of standard proofreading marks. Corrections are normally noted in the blank margin beside the line on which the error was found. When inserting or deleting words, it is desirable to use words of the same length in order that resetting of type can be confined to a single line, or as few lines as possible. See also DIRTY COPY GALLEYS PROOFREADER REDLINING

PROOF SHEET In printing, any press sheet used as a proof. Also, in photography, a contact sheet, a sheet of images made by contact printing negatives. See also CONTACT PRINT PRESS SHEET PROOF

PROPORTIONAL FONT A set of characters in a particular style and size in which the horizontal space allotted to letters or numbers differs from character to character. In a proportional font, a narrow letter, such as I, is afforded less space than a wider letter, such as m. A proportional font is one in which different characters have different pitches. Proportional fonts are also called proportional-pitch fonts. A fixed-pitch font is the opposite. See also FIXED PITCH FONT MONOSPACE FONT PITCH PROPORTIONAL SPACING

PROPORTIONAL PITCH Another term for proportional spacing. See PROPORTIONAL SPACING

PROPORTION SCALE A simple plastic device made up of two wheels joined at the center and rotated to determine the enlargement or reduction necessary to make copy become a certain size. The proportional scale is used in planning and plate preparation. Its inside wheel has a scale on which to locate the original size. The outside wheel carries a scale on which to locate the new (reproduction) size. The latter can be expressed in units of width and height, or percentage change. The user locates the original width (or height) on the inside wheel, lines the number up with the same number on the outside wheel, and reads the new width (or height) on the outside wheel. The proportional scale is also called percentage wheel, proportion dial, proportion wheel, proportion rule, proportion scale, reduction wheel, reduction scale, and scaling wheel. See also ENLARGEMENT SCALING

PROPORTIONAL SPACING A method of character spacing in which the horizontal space allotted to each character is proportional to the width of the character. Consequently, a narrow character, such as I, receives less space than does a wider character, such as m or w. This improves the appearance of the type and makes it more readable. The type of books and magazines are usually proportionally spaced. In contrast, typewritten documents were monospaced. See also CHARACTER KERNING MONOSPACING PITCH TYPE

PROSE The-normal form of written or spoken language, as contrasted to poetry or verse. The language of common discourse or writing. See also BELLES LETTRES EMOTIVE LANGUAGE NOVEL

PROSPECTUS In book publishing, printed material, often in the form of a leaflet, which describes a new forth-coming title, including information on the pre-publication price and ordering. See also MARKETING

PROTECTED A bookselling term used in reference to books that the publisher has indicated may be returned for full credit, if unsold. Also termed fully protected. See also CREDIT MEMO FULLY PROTECTED RETURNS

PSEUDONYM An assumed name. A name other than one's own and used to conceal a writer's identity for some reason or purpose. Also called a pen-name, nom de plume, or allonym. See also ANONYM HOUSE NAME PEN-NAME

PUBEASY.COM A website called the Global Publishing e-Marketplace, which offers an Internet inquiry and ordering service for the global bookselling industry. It claims to have bookseller members from 110 countries throughout North America, Europe, and Asia, which use its services. PubEasy offers order placement and tracking over the Internet, in addition to the means to check price, title, and title availability with participating publishing distributors and wholesalers quickly and cost effectively. Booksellers, who have a PubEasy password, can directly access any participating affiliate website in the PubEasy network. This service is available around the clock. See also BOOK WIRE PUBNET

PUBLICATION The act of publishing a book, periodical, map, or piece of music, etc., Also, that which is published, especially serially, as a magazine. In desktop publishing, the term also refers to the collection of files generated by the software, including graphics, elements of layout, and supporting files. See also BOOK FILE GRAPHIC LAYOUT PERIODICAL

PUBLICATION DATE In book publishing, the date on which a book becomes officially available for purchase. The publication date is the date on which the book's promotional activities are scheduled to peak. It usually lags the actual printing of the book by three or four months. Bookstores receive their initial copies in advance of the publication date. The date is important also to reviewers who strive to file their reviews prior to the publication date. See also BOOK REVIEW ISSUE DATE LEAD TIME PREPUBLICATION COPY

PUBLIC DOMAIN All creative works, such as books, music, or software, which are not protected by copyright or other form of protection, are considered to be in the public domain. Such works may be copied freely, modified, or used in any manner and for any purpose. A creative work may be unprotected because it never was copyrighted or because the copyright term has expired. Although much of the material on the Internet is in the public domain, placing a copyrighted work on the Internet does not cause it to be in the public domain. See also COPYRIGHT PROJECT GUTENBERG

PUBLICIST A person charged with the responsibility for publicity. A public relations expert or press agent. In book publishing, the publicist's tasks include preparation of promotional materials and scheduling of book signing appearances and radio and television interviews. See also NEWS RELEASE PUBLICITY

PUBLICITY Attention that one does not have to pay for. The most common source of publicity is the media. Any public communication medium, whether a newsletter, network TV, or word-of-mouth advertising, can be a source of publicity. The first objective of publicity is to increase public awareness of a product, service, individual, organization, or activity in order to stimulate business sales and increase profits. Unlike advertising, which can be expensive, publicity coverage is essentially free. Paper, printing and postage, with which to mail announcements to the media, constitute the only areas of expense. !f the book is unique, it may be possible to arrange for free editorials in appropriate media. These are offered primarily by consumer publications that have "shopping sections." The editors of these publications are willing to provide timely write-ups on products they feel will be of genuine interest to their readers.

In addition, magazines that have specialized audiences are always interested in receiving news of new products and ideas, but have no budget for reporters to search out interesting stories in the field. Instead, they must rely on press releases and articles submitted by individuals and companies. The term, publicity, also describes the department of a publishing house, which secures free promotion of its titles, often by sending out news releases or review copies, or by soliciting coverage by the broadcast media. See also AUTOGRAPH FREE RIGHTS MARKETING OPINION LEADERS PRESS RELEASE

PUBLISHER The owner or executive who bears final responsibility for a publishing operation. The person who manages a publishing house or the business of publishing a magazine or newspaper. The publisher of a large publication does not customarily involve himself/herself in the day-to-day operations of the editorial or advertising departments, although he/she may establish editorial policy. Also, a publishing house or organization that creates, designs, produces, and distributes one or more magazines, newspaper, books, other periodicals, books, etc See also ACCIDENTAL PROFESSION EDITOR IN CHIEF SELF-PUBLISHER UNIVERSITY PRESS

PUBLISHER'S BINDING See EDITION BINDING

PUBLISHER'S REP A term that describes a full time salaried sales representative of a publishing company. A publisher's representative makes sales calls on booksellers and universities within a specified sales district or region. See also BOOK TRAVELER

PUBLISHERS' TRADE LIST ANNUAL (PTLA) An annual multi-volume compilation of the trade lists of all major American publishers in standard-size format. The information provided by publishers in this publication from R.R. Bowker is not uniform. Some publishers provide only the basic information, such as title, author, price, etc., whereas others supply annotated descriptions complete, along with photographs of the books. The first issue of the Publisher's Trade List Annual was published in 1872. See also BOWKER

PUBLISHER'S WEEKLY (PW) A weekly publication for the entire U.S. book trade, including publishers, wholesalers, booksellers, libraries, media and literary agents, and movie and studio executives. Publisher's Weekly has more than 40,000 paid subscribers and reaches an estimated total audience of nearky 100,000. Publishers Weekly is widely recognized as the industry's publication of record. It Is the primary source of news of the industry, including bestsellers by category, book industry statistics, and book reviews. The publication provides reviews of newly published books, with emphasis on books of broad, general appeal. A favorable book review in PW will generate many orders from bookstores. Publisher's Weekly is published by R.R. Bowker Company. See also BOOK REVIEW MARKET R.R. BOWKER COMPANY

PUBNET A leading e-commerce system for the publishing industry that is operated by R.R. Bowker. PUBNET furnishes one step access to a growing network of book suppliers. It provides EDI (electronic data interchange) service to more than 90 publishers. More than 3,000 booksellers, in addition to libraries, wholesalers, and schools, buy books electronically through PUBNET, which promises 1-hour order acknowledgement from participating publishers and suppliers. PUBNET maintains a database of more than 340,000 titles from its member publishers, specifically designed for the higher education market. It can be accessed as an information source or to place an order through its ordering system. The PUBNET website is found at http://www.pubnet.org/ See also BOOKWIRE BOWKER PUBEASY

PUFF An easy-to-read article that contains little substance, but is, nonetheless, rather flattering about a particular work or author. Also, a laudatory synopsis or review intended to publicize a work. A publisher's blurb. Also termed puff piece. See also BLURB BRASS CHECK REVIEW SYNOPSIS

PULL QUOTES A sentence or phrase taken from the body copy and set in large type for emphasis. Pull quotes are provocative or challenging statements used to break up running text and draw the reader's attention to the page. They are sometimes direct quotations. Pull quotes break up the unappealing appearance of text and serve as a substitute for artwork by creating an interesting visual effect. They are sometimes offset with ruled lines or other graphics. Pull quotes are also called blurb, breakouts, readouts, out-quotes, pullouts, pull-quotes, and quote outs. See also QUOTATION

PULL TEST A test performed on perfect bound books to make sure that pages are securely bound. The test determines the force required to pull a page from the binding. See also QUALITY CONTROL

PULP The fibrous raw material used in paper making. It consists of a slurry of beaten and refined plant fibers to which chemicals and fillers are added. Pulp is 99.5% water. In the papermaking process, pulp forms a matted or felted sheet on a moving screen as moisture is removed.

With the exception of some special papers, such as asbestos paper, all papers are made from cellulosic fibers. Trees represent the most abundant source of cellulose. However, rags and other fibers, such as straw and grasses have been used. The fiber of flax, cotton, sisal, jute, manila, hemp, etc., normally is a byproduct of other operations. Agricultural wastes, such as straw, cornstalks, bamboo, sugarcane waste, and some other grasses are used to make some grades of paper. However, one of the most important sources of fiber is that recovered from old papers, cardboard boxes, and rags. Still, cellulose fibers cannot be recycled indefinitely. Virgin fibers must be added continuously to the cycle in order to replace exhausted fibers.

The raw materials are separated into fibers by mechanical or chemical means. Mechanical pulp, also called groundwood pulp, is normally produced by a mechanical grinding process and is further classified as fine, coarse, or bleached. Chemical pulps are classified as bleached sulfite (dissolving and paper grade), unbleached sulfite (strong and news grade), bleached and unbleached sulfate (kraft), and soda. Semichemial pulp applies to a process of cooking followed by mechanical treatment. See also CHEMICAL PULP COMBINATION PULP FOURDRINIER MACHINE KRAFT PULP MECHANICAL PULP PAPER WET END

PULP FICTION A term applicable to novels written for the mass market and designed to be a good read, often exciting, titillating, thrilling. Historically, pulp fiction has been very popular, but considered to be of low literary quality. The racy, sometimes soft-core pornographic, novels seen everywhere in paperback form in racks make up today's pulp fiction. See also NOVEL

PUNCTUATION The practice or act of using various conventional marks or characters, such as periods, commas, etc., in writing or printing as a means of improving clarity. See also ACCENT AMPERSAND APOSTROPHE ASTERISK BRACKETS COLON COMMA CROSSHATCH DAGGER DASH DIACRITICAL MARK ELLIPSIS EXCLAMATION POINT HANGING PUNCTUATION HYPHEN OBELISK PARAGRAPH PARENTHESES PERIOD QUESTION MARK QUOTATION MARKS SECTION SEMICOLON SOLIDUS UMLAUT VIRGULE

PURCHASE ORDER (P.O.) A numbered copy of a printed request to purchase merchandise that specifies the merchandise, shows the price, applicable discounts, the total value of the order, shipping instructions and other terms of sale. A purchase order generally constitutes a promise to pay. Acceptance by the supplier constitutes a contract to supply the merchandise. A purchase order is commonly colloquially described as a "P.O." See also INSERTION ORDER INVOICE OVERS

PUT TO BED An expression used to indicate that no further changes can be made to a planned publication before it is printed. It advises that the time has passed the point in time at which changes would be possible. See also LEAD TIME