RACK ALLOWANCE A credit that is provided to a new store by mass-market publishers, based on the number of the publisher's pocket book titles that the store agrees to stock. See also COUNTER DISPLAY MARKETING RACK JOBBER

RACK JOBBER A jobber that supplies news stands and similar outlets with mass-market paperback books and services (restocks, straightens, etc.) the display racks they are held in. See also JOBBER MASS MARKET PAPERBACK MERCHANDISING RACK ALLOWANCE

RAG An irregularity along the left or right edge of a column or block of text on a printed page. Rag complements justification, in which either or both edges of the block of text are aligned vertically. In many documents, the block of text is justified at its left margin and ragged at its right margin. See also FLUSH JUSTIFY RAGGED LEFT RAGGED RIGHT

RAGGED A term describing successive lines of type within a block of text, page, or document, that are not vertically aligned along a margin. They do not begin or end at the same point. The opposite of ragged is justified, also termed flush. The common alignment choice is left-justified (flush left), also termed ragged right. Because of its poor legibility, right-justified (flush right) type alignment is little used. See also FLUSH JUSTIFY TEXT BLOCK UNJUSTIFIED

RAGGED LEFT A term descriptive of type that has been right-justified. That is, the lines of type have been vertically aligned only at the right margin. In contrast, the left hand margin of the text appears ragged (i.e., irregular). The use of ragged left text is not common, due to the greater difficulty in reading it, although it is used sometimes for visual effect in advertisements. Ragged left is also termed flush-right. See also RAG RAGGED RIGHT RIGHT-JUSTIFY

RAGGED MARGIN A margin that has not been justified. Successive lines of text have not been vertically aligned at either left or right margin. See also JUSTIFY MARGIN

RAGGED RIGHT A term descriptive of type that has been left-justified. That is, the lines of type comprising the text have been vertically aligned only at the left margin. In contrast, the right hand margin of the text appears ragged (i.e., irregular). Letters and other documents typically are left justified and have ragged right margins.

Ragged right is considered easier to read than ragged left because the neat left-hand margin helps one to find the beginning of the next line more easily. The irregular right-hand edge causes no difficulties. Consequently, if one states that text is ragged, it is implied that the text is ragged right. Ragged right is also called flush left. See also LEFT JUSTIFY RAG RAGGED LEFT RIGHT-JUSTIFY

RAGGED TYPE Lines of type that are unjustified (not vertically aligned) at one or both of the page margins. The text may be ragged left, ragged right, or both. See JUSTIFIED RAGGED LEFT RAGGED RIGHT

RAG PAPER A high quality stationery manufactured wholly or partially with fibers from cotton or linen rags. Rag or cotton fibers accounted for at least 25% of the pulp from which the paper was made. Rags constitute the papermaker's most valuable raw material. Rag papers and papers containing rag are used to make banknotes, deeds, various documents, elegant writing papers, and other special applications. Today, rag paper is made primarily from vegetable fibers comprised of cellulose, such as cotton, linen, and hemp. See also COTTON PAPER FINE PAPER PAPER PULP

RAISED CAPITAL Another term for initial cap. See INITIAL CAP

RASTER The rectangular pattern of lines that form the images on a computer monitor or television screen. Within each line are a series of pixels that illuminate individually. Raster is also a synonym for grid and is used in reference to the grid of addressable positions in an output device. See also BITMAP PIXEL

RASTER FONT See BIT-MAPPED FONT

RASTER GRAPHIC See BITMAPPED GRAPHIC

RASTER IMAGE PROCESSOR (RIP) A device or program that converts electronic files into a pattern of dots that the output device can display. It calculates the bit-mapped image of text and graphics from vector graphics and/or text. Raster Image Predestining is most often associated with the conversion of PostScript page information. The software program usually resides on a laser printer or imagesetter. The TrueType rasterizer comes with Windows and makes scalable TrueType fonts available in Windows applications. The Adobe Type Manager rasterizer makes PostScript Type 1 font available. See also ADOBE TYPE MANAGER BIT DEPTH BITMAP PIXEL POSTSCRIPT

READER A person who reads and critiques manuscripts for a publisher or literary agent, etc. Someone who undertakes the initial screening of submitted manuscripts. The term is also used in reference to a proofreader. See MANUSCRIPT OVER THE TRANSOM PROOFREADER READER'S REPORT

READER RESPONSE CARD A self-addressed postcard on which a reader may enter his comments on a subject or reply to an offer made by the publisher or an advertiser. A reader response card may be bound into the publication. However, it is said to be tipped-in, if it is glued onto a page. Alternatively, it is called a blow-in card if it is loosely inserted (blown in) among the pages of the document. The latter cards are actually blown in during the binding operation. See also TIP-IN

READER'S COPY See REVIEW COPY

READER'S REPORT The synopsis of the manuscript of a particular book provided by a freelance reviewer to an agent, editor, or the publication, which will publish a review of the book. The reader's report is also known as a book review. See also BOOK REVIEW FREELANCER READER SYNOPSIS

READER'S SPREAD A term to describe a layout prepared in two-page spreads as readers will view them. Mechanicals made in two-page pairs as readers will see them in the final, bound publication. For example, the reader's spread of an 11" × 17" 16-page manual will have pages 2 and 3 beside each other. In contrast, a printer's spread (or printed spread) is how the pages are arranged on the sheet for printing on a press. A reader's spread is also called a reader spread. See also IMPOSITION MECHANICAL PRINTER'S SPREAD SREAD

REAM A standard quantity of paper consisting of a package of 500 identical sheets. It was formerly 20 quires or 480 sheets of paper. A printer's ream (or perfect ream) consists of 516 sheets. See also BASIS SIZE BASIS WEIGHT GRAMMAGE QUIRE

REBOUND A term that denotes a book that required only a new binding to be added. There was no need for sewing or trimming. Rebinding involves slightly less work than does recasing. See also BINDING COPY REJOINTED

RECASE A restoration operation in which a book is taken apart and reassembled using its original cloth, pages, and endpapers. This is normally done in order to wash the pages or tighten the sewing, etc. See also BINDING COPY CASE ENDPAPERS

RECTO In printing, the right hand, odd-numbered page of a folded sheet or of two facing pages of a book or publication. The recto page is the first (or front) side of a leaf. It is opposite a verso, the right-hand page. See also FACING PAGE VERSO

RECTO PAGE Any right-hand page of an open book or publication, usually odd-numbered. The opposite of a verso page. See also RECTO VERSO

RECTO VERSO Another term for duplex printing, two-sided printing. See also DUPLEX PRINTING RECTO VERSO

REDLINING A feature on a word processing program that marks changes, additions, or deletions made during proofreading or editing. The redlined text is highlighted so that others will know exactly what has been added, deleted, or changed. In Microsoft Word, this feature is found in Track Changes reached through the Tools pull down menu. The purpose of redlining is to create a record of the changes made to a document for subsequent review and acceptance (or rejection) by others. Redlining is frequently used when two or more people are working on the same document together. Each individual can redline the changes that he or she has made so that others will be aware of them. See also EDIT EDITING HIGHLIGHT PROOFREADING

REDUCER In printing, any substance, such as a varnish or solvent, which reduces the tack of printing inks. See also TACK

REDUCTION The act or process of making an image proportionally smaller by digital or photographic process. See also IMAGE EDITING

REDUNDANCY A term applicable to something that is redundant - that is, unnecessarily repetitious or verbose. Writing that uses more words than necessary, or something else, that is superfluous, excessive, overflowing, or overlapping. See also STYLE

REEL A roll of paper. A term to denote a continuous length of paper wind around a core. See also CORE WEB PAPER

REFERENCE MARKS Any of various symbols used to direct a reader to a footnote or other information elsewhere in a book or other document. Examples of such marks include the asterisk (*), dagger (†), double dagger (‡), section mark (§), and paragraph mark (). See also ASTERISK FOOTNOTE SYMBOL FONT

REGIONAL NOVEL A novel that portrays the landscape and people, including speech, customs, behavior, and history of a particular region in a true to life fashion. See also HISTORICAL NOVEL NOVEL

REGISTER To precisely align two or more images on the same sheet in relation to each other, the edges of the sheet, and to other elements on the same sheet. Such printing is said to be in register. To correctly position an image on a sheet, particularly when printing one color on another. See also HAIRLINE REGISTER OFF REGISTER REGISTRATION

REGISTER MARKS See REGISTRATION MARKS

REGISTRATION The process of properly aligning color printing plates on a printing press in a multi-color printing job, or elements or a graphic in a document or a mechanical, or superimposing different films, in order to produce a final printed image with everything in the correct position. Improperly registered printing plates produce what is known as misregistration. Unplanned spaces between colors or moirés may be the result. Printers rely on registration marks on film as an aid to proper registration. The term, registration, includes also the alignment of a document to be scanned with the glass surface of the scanner. See also HAIRLINE REGISTER MISREGISTRATION MOIRE EFFECT OFF REGISTER PIN REGISTER REGISTRATION MARKS

REGISTRATION MARKS Small crosses, circles, or other symbols on film, mechanicals, overlays, and plates to guide correct alignment in the preparation of multiple-page layouts and color separations, and to ensure that printing is in register. The register marks on the overlay should line up with the register marks on the base sheet. Also called crossmarks and position marks. In addition, registration marks are the marks on a page that indicate trim, centering, scoring, etc. See also CALIBRATION BARS COLOR SEPARATION CORNER MARKS MECHANICAL OVERLAY PRINTING PLATE

REGLET In printing, a thin spacing strip, usually of wood and less than type high, used to produce blank spaces in a page of type. It performs a function somewhat similar to a lead. See LEAD

REISSUE A term covering all sorts of reprintings of a work. It might be a later unchanged printing of a book or an entirely new edition, such as a paperback edition of a book that was previously available only as a cloth covered edition. See also EDITION ISSUE REPRINT

REJECTION SLIP The notice sent to an author to advise that the publication has no interest in the manuscript submitted to it. See also MANUSCRIPT MULTIPLE SUBMISSION

REJOINTED A term applicable to any book that has been repaired, but still retains its original covers and spine. See also BINDING COPY REBOUND RECASE SPINE

RELATIVE PLACEMENT The positioning of a line of text or other element by its proximity to another element on the page, rather than by positioning it in relation to permanent features, such as top, bottom, or edges of the page. See also ABSOLUTE PLACEMENT POSITIONING

RELEASE A term frequently used in reference to a statement signed by a writer when he sells an article or story to a publication. The writer attests in the statement that the article or manuscript, which he is selling, is original and has never been previously sold. He further confirms that he is selling the rights to his work in accordance with his agreement with his editor. See also MANUSCRIPT MODEL RELEASE RIGHT

RELIEF PRINTING A term applicable to printing undertaken by the use of a raised surface. A process in which a raised surface accepts ink and then transfers it to paper by direct contact. Relief printing includes flexography, letterpress, linocuts, and woodcuts. See also FLEXOGRAPHY LETTERPRESS

REMAINDERS A term to describe a publisher's excess inventories of books. Remainders are the unsold books remaining from a printing, or unsold returns from bookstores. They may have sold poorly because of overpricing, because there is limited interest in the subject, or because newer publications have replaced them. Alternatively, the remainders may be titles that have become dated. Finally, they may be books that previously sold well at full price, but are now available in paperback editions. Remainders are offered to booksellers, normally through remainder houses at reduced prices. A book that is remaindered is usually declared to be out-of-print. Remainders are also termed bargain books, promotional books, and sale books. If a publisher sells a portion of his stock of a book as a remainder, but retains the balance for sale at regular price, the books sold as remainders are called partial remainders. See also MARKDOWNS OUT-OF-PRINT REMAINDER MARK RETURNS

REMAINDERING A term to describe the selling of any copies of a book(s) remaining after sales have declined or ceased. Remaindering usually involves a drastic reduction in price to provide a huge discount. See also JOB LOT REMAINDER MARK

REMAINDER MARK A mark made by a rubber stamp, felt marker, or spray, on a book to indicate that it has been returned to its publisher as unsold, and then sold at a reduced price. The mark is often on the book's bottom edge. See also MARK-DOWNS REMAINDERS

REMNANT SPACE Random advertising space in a magazine or newspaper that is still unsold as the closing date for advertising insertions approaches. Some magazines sell their remnant space off at large discounts from their regular advertising rates in order to fill all space. This is most likely to occur in regional editions of national magazines.

RENTAL LIBRARY See LENDING LIBRARY

REPAGINATE To recalculate page breaks in a document and renumber the pages. Word processing systems usually repaginate automatically whenever a document is modified. They decide where to end one page and begin the next based on page size, margin size, widow and orphan settings, and other parameters. See also PAGINATION PAGINATE

REPAGINATION See PAGINATION

REPLACE See SEARCH AND REPLACE

REPRINT A second or subsequent printing of a printed work from the same printing plates, or with minimal changes to its text. Also, the publication in one country of a work previously published in another, or a printing of a book in another version, such as the paperback version of a hardcover book.

A reprint may consist of a reprint of the original book, or an original promotional copy created by a remainder house. The former category consists of books that sold well as original publications and/or as remainders. The latter category consists of books manufactured to sell at half of the original published price, or less. They may be poorly made, or produced with the same care and attention given to the original book. They are created by the remainder house to fill gaps not met by other promotional books and must offer extraordinary value. See also ACADEMIC REPRINT EDITION KEEP STANDING REISSUE

REPRINT RIGHTS The legal right of another publisher to reprint a work that has previously been published. This may be the right of a magazine or newspaper to print an article, story, or poem after it has already appeared elsewhere. In book publishing, it usually refers to reprinting a mass-market paperback, although it can refer to a trade paperback or hardcover reprint. The division of royalties is typically 50/50 between author and agent, but sometimes gives a higher share to the author after a designated level of income has been received. Reprint rights offer lower royalties than for first printing. See also ONE-TIME RIGHTS RIGHT

REPRO Short for reproduction or reproduction proof. See REPRODUCTION PROOF

REPRO PAPER A term to denote a high-gloss paper often used by professional printing services to print high resolution master documents from which copies are printed. See also RESOLUTION

REPRODUCTION PROOF In printing, a proof, usually produced on glossy paper and in a quality suitable for reproduction by photography for platemaking. Also termed repro.

REPROGRAPHY The process of reproducing and duplicating documents, written materials, designs, etc., by process that involve light or photographic means. This includes photography, microfilming, photocopying, offset printing, and electronic techniques, etc. See also MICROFILM PHOTOCOPY

REQUIRED HYPHEN A hyphen that is required for correct spelling or grammar. It is not added by a line break. That is, it does not indicate a place where the word can be split if the hyphenated word appears at the end of a line. The required hyphen is a non-breaking hyphen and will not permit the word to be split at the end of a line. See also HYPHEN LINE BREAK NONBREAKING HYHEN

REQUIRED SPACE A space that does not permit adjacent characters to be separated at the end of a line. For example, the use of required spaces between the initials of a person's name, such as T.S. Elliot, will prevent them from being split by a line break. See also LINE BREAK

RESCREEN To create a halftone of an image that has already been printed as a half-tone. The screening of a photograph, which appears in a magazine, for printing again in a newsletter would constitute a rescreening. Rescreening can produce a moiré, if not performed properly. See also HALFTONE MOIRE EFFECT SCREEN.

RESIDENT FONT A font that is already present in a computer printer's memory and can be accessed whenever the printer is turned on. A resident font contrasts with a downloadable font or a cartridge font. Also termed internal font. See also CARTRIDGE FONT FONT

RESOLUTION The-sharpness of an image on film, paper, disk, or tape, or that can be obtained from an output device, such as a computer monitor or imagesetter, or the sampling ability of an input device such as a scanner.

On a computer monitor or in an image file, resolution is measured in the number of pixels in a linear inch (PPI) in each direction. The greater the number of dots, the higher the resolution. VGA resolution is 640 pixels × 480 pixels. Super VGA is 1024 × 1280.

For printers that form characters from small, closely spaced dots, resolution is measured by the number of dots printed per linear inch. The greater the number of dots, the sharper and cleaner is the image. Printer resolution ranges from about 125 dpi for low-quality dot-matrix printers to about 600 dpi for some laser and ink-jet printers. Standard laser printer output is 300 dots per inch. This means that they print characters using a grid of black or white squares, each 1/300 of an inch across.

Resolution of a halftone is measured in the number of lines (of halftones dots) per inch (LPI). Other factors, in addition to resolution, affect resolution or the fineness of a typeset image. These include the design, how well it was digitized, the hinting technology used to compensate for coarse rasterization, and film or paper used. See also DOTS PER INCH HALFTONE HIGH RESOLUTION LINES PER INCH LOW RESOLUTION OUTLINE FONT PIXEL PRINT QUALITY

REST IN PROPORTION (RIP) An instruction to maintain the existing proportions of photographs or artwork, or portions thereof, when establishing the dimensions of enlargements or reductions.

RETAINER A term sometimes used in reference to a fee paid periodically (e.g., monthly) to a freelancer in return for a minimum guaranteed amount of material received by an editor. A retainer is sometimes used as an inducement to dissuade the freelancer from working for a competitive publication. In addition, the freelancer can usually expect to receive more assignments than he would without the arrangement. See also FREELANCER

RETOUCH To edit a photograph or other image manually or digitally. To remove imperfections from an image or simply alter it. See also AIR BRUSH

RETOUCHING The act or process of modifying artwork, a photograph, or color separations, either manually or electronically, to eliminate flaws or improve the appearance of an image. A photo paint program is the preferred software for this task. It has the tools and filters required to correct digitized photographs flawlessly. See also IMAGE EDITING IMAGE EDITOR

RETURN A return is a command to the central processing unit of a personal computer to cause a word processor to advance to the start of a new line. A soft return is inserted automatically by the application when the end of the line is reached. In contrast, a hard return is created by pressing the Return or Enter key. See also HARD RETURN SOFT RETURN

RETURNS Unsold books, or other publications or merchandise, which are returned from a bookseller (or other customer) to a publisher for replacement, refund, or credit. See also ACCOUNT CONSIGNMENT CREDIT MEMO FULLY PROTECTED HURT BOOK JOB LOT PROTECTED REMAINDERS

REVERSE To print a white image on a black background, or light-colored text on a dark background. Although reversing a block of type can create a dramatic design element, it greatly reduces legibility. In particular, small type can be difficult to read. Further, typefaces that have hairline strokes do not reverse well. The counters of small letters may fill in. Although type can be reversed out of tint, it is desirable for legibility to have sufficient contrast between type and background. Reverse is also termed knockout or liftout. See also CONTRAST COUNTER HAIRLINE INVERSE VIDEO TINT

REVERSE SLASH A backslash. See BACKSLASH

REVERSE TYPE Body copy that has been printed in reverse. Copy printed with white (or light) characters on a black (or dark) background. Italics and copy in small sized characters are more difficult to read. Larger-size display copy printed in reverse is better. See also DISPLAY TYPE REVERSE

REVIEW A critical evaluation of a new book, play, film, or art exhibit by a journalist. Also, a publication that contains intellectual or scholarly articles about the arts. In particular, a periodical containing literary material, such as a review of poetry, a review of present American writing, etc. See also ABSTRACT BOOK REVIEW KIRKUS REVIEW PUFF QUOTATION

REVIEW COPY A complimentary copy of a newly published book sent by the publisher for purposes of review to reviewers, other members of the media, and any other person who could help to promote it. A paperbound preprint of a book manufactured and distributed specifically so critics can see it early. These are sent in advance of publication. Copies may also be sent without charge to potential quantity purchasers of the book. See also ADVANCE COPY GALLEYS

REVISED EDITION A second or later printing of a book, or other publication, after significant changes have been incorporated into its original contents. A new or revised edition should have a new ISBN. See also EDITION ISBN

REVISION A revised form or version of a book or other work. Also, the act of revising, often at the editor's request. See also EDITING

REWRITE To write again. To revise. To write in a different form or manner, perhaps to improve or punch up the copy, to update the material, to improve or change the style or wording, or to change sentence and paragraph length, to improve continuity, etc. See also HOUSE STYLE STYLE

RGB Acronym for red-green-blue - the primary colors of the additive color system. These are the colors used by computer monitors, color televisions, and scanners to create the images that appear on screen. They are the colors produced by emitting light, as on a video monitor, rather than by absorbing light, as with ink on paper. Percentages of these additive primary colors can be mixed to obtain any desired color. If all three colors are fully retained, white light is produced. A computer monitor fires electrons at the tiny red, green, and blue phosphors that coat the inside of its screen and one's eyes blend the colors to give the image. In contrast, four-color process printing depends on the subtractive primaries (yellow, magenta, cyan, black). See also CMYK ADDITIVE PRIMARY COLORS PALETTE SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY COLORS TRUE COLOR

RHYTHM A design term used in reference to the arrangement of elements on a page. Lines or shapes are often used to lead the reader's eye in a particular way. Rhythm frequently arises through repetition, as it does in music. See also BALANCE UNITY

RIBBON CARTRIDGE A disposable component of an impact printer that contains an inked ribbon. Ribbon cartridges are used in many printers because they make changing a ribbon easier and cleaner. See also CARBON RIBBON CLOTH RIBBON

RIBBON MARKER A thin strip of colored material sometimes bound into the head of the book block of a hardcover book for use as a bookmark by reader. A decorative feature associated only with expensive books or special editions. See also BOOKBLOCK HEADBAND DELUXE EDITION

RICH TEXT FORMAT (RTF) A Microsoft file format for text files. It enables a word processing program to create a file encoded with all the text formatting instructions for fonts, margins, etc., using the ASCII character set. RTF files have an rtf file name extension. Other well known document-formatting language include Hypertext Markup Language (HTML) and Standard Generalized Markup Language (SGML). See also ASCII EMBEDDED COMMAND FORMAT

RIGHT A term used in reference to the exclusive rights of a copyright owner. Also, the agreement of a copyright owner that permits a designated other party to copy and distribute the copyrighted work, often in another specified form or territory, for a specified period .For example, the copyright owner may permit someone else to print, publish, and sell the hard cover version of his book in certain countries. Alternatively, right may refer to the right to translate the work into a designated foreign language and publish and sell that edition, or to publish and sell a reprinted edition. It could also be the film and television rights, the electronic rights, or first serial rights. See also ACCOUNTING AND PAYMENTS CLAUSE COMMERCIAL RIGHTS COPYRIGHT EXCLUSIVE FREE RIGHTS MISCELLANEOUS RIGHTS ONE-TIME RIGHTS OPTION OUT-OF-PRINT CLAUSE PERFORMANCE RIGHTS RELEASE REPRINT RIGHTS SERIAL RIGHTS SUBSIDIARY RIGHTS WORK FOR HIRE

RIGHT-ANGLE FOLD A fold by which a sheet folds back upon on itself. The part, which is folded over, points in the direction opposite the unfolded part. The French fold consists of two right-angle folds. See also ACCORDION FOLD FRENCH FOLD LETTER FOLD PANEL FOLD PARALLEL FOLD SINGLE FOLD

RIGHT JUSTFCATION In word processing, desktop publishing, and typesetting, the act of vertically aligning lines of text along the right margins of the page or column. The lines of text are not vertically aligned at the left, but. remain ragged. Right justification is also called ragged left. See also JUSTIFY RIGHT JUSTIFICATION LEFT JUSTIFICATION RAGGED LEFT

RIGHT JUSTIFY To align the right margin of text. Right-justified text has a right edge that is aligned and a left edge that is ragged. Text aligned on its right margin is known as right-justified text, flush-right text, or ragged left. See also JUSTIFY LEFT JUSTIFY

RING BINDING The binding method in which loose leaves with holes prepunched in a standard configuration are fitted over metal rings attached to a metal backbone. A method that is suitable for looseleaf folders. Pages can be added or deleted easily and quickly as needed. This is the main benefit of this binding method.

The greater the number of rings, the more securely the sheets will fit the binding. U-rings do not always fit well and damage the paper when pages catch on them. Binders range in size by ½" increments of ring diameter. The larger the rings, the greater the capacity of the binder. However, large sizes are heavier, more unwieldy, and have larger gaps between the two facing pages. This makes it more difficult to turn the pages. It is difficult to flip through a binder quickly in search of something. Therefore it is customary to compensate with tabs, divider pages, headings, and labels.. A minimum of a ½-inch space is required for the inside edge of the sheet in order to leave enough room for the punched holes, but ? to ¾ inches is perhaps safer. Plastic comb binders and wire spirals require less space. See also BINDING DIVIDER SHEETS DRILLING LOOSE LEAF MECHANICAL BINDING PLASTIC COMB BINDING WIRE-O BINDING WIRE SPIRAL

RIVER White spaces between words that join together to resemble a river (or stream) of white that appears to flow down a page through the text block of a printed document. This is usually caused by irregular spacing in justified text, poor hyphenation, and shorter measures. Unsightly white space that appears to run downward through text when word spacing is too loose. See also HYPHENATION JUSTIFICATION

ROLL-FED PRESS A designation that describes any web-fed press - a printing press that uses paper in rolls, rather than in the form of individual sheets, as used by a sheet-fed press. see also SHEET-FED WEB-FED

ROMAN In typography, the classical version of a typeface that has vertical stems and no bolding, whether serif or sans serif. Roman is an upright version of the typeface, rather than an oblique or italics, which are slanted. Roman is the basic face in any type family and easy to read. Other members of the type family are based on the roman version. For example, light is lighter than roman and bold is darker. The roman style is the one commonly used for printing modern books, magazines, newspapers, periodicals, etc. Roman is also called plain type.

The roman category is one of the three major typefaces in the history of Western typography (italic and black letter, or Gothic, are the others) and probably is the largest group of typefaces. Nicholas Jenson is generally credited with the development of the first roman type around 1470. Three other important names in the design of roman faces are Claude Garamond in 1542, and John Baskerville and William Caslon in the early 1700's. Roman faces were the first faces designed specifically for printing. They differ in several ways from the highly ornamental calligraphy and black-letter faces of the Middle Ages. The biggest difference concerns size as type letters are smaller than hand-lettered shapes and cannot support as much ornamentation. Therefore, the second difference is that roman letters are simpler and easier to read than their hand-lettered predecessors.

There are numerous faces and distinct variations within the roman type face. Old-style and modern romans differ in slant, stroke, and treatment of the serif; Transitional romans combine characteristics of both. In modern faces, the serifs are straight, flat, and vertical or horizontal. In old-style romans, the serifs are inclined and curve into the stroke. Another difference is seen in the strokes. The modern roman has more contrast between thick and thin strokes than has the old-style roman. See also BLACK LETTER BOLDFACE ITALIC JENSON OBLIQUE SANS SERIF SERIF STEM STROKE TYPEFACE UNICIALS

ROMAN A CLEF A French phrase meaning novel with a key. A roman a clef is a novel based on the lives of actual people and written under the guise of fiction. See also NOVEL

ROMANCE A fictional narrative about improbable events, including characters that differ considerably from ordinary people. Examples of the characters found in romance fiction include not only fairies, knights, and royalty, but also young adults, who overcome tragedy to find success and love. The latter usually possess superior looks, intelligence, and other positive attributes, See also HISTORICAL ROMANCE NOVEL NOVEL

ROSETTE The flower-like pattern created when color halftone screens for the four CMYK colors are printed at the conventional screen angles. See also CMYK HALFTONE SCREEN SCREEN ANGLE

ROTOGRAVURE A rotary photomechanical printing process that uses an intaglio copper cylinder to print images, typed matter, etc. A negative image is etched into the surface of a metal plate attached to a printing cylinder in tiny cells and dots of various sizes and depths. These provide tonal gradations. Ink is applied to the cylinder as it rotates by roller or spray. Its surface is then wiped by a flexible metal blade, which leaves the non-image area clean. The paper is squeezed against the etched cylinder as it passes between two rollers and draws the ink out by absorption. These provide tonal gradations. Newspaper supplements, magazines, and catalogs are printed by the rotogravure process. Rotogravure also denotes a print made by this process. See also DOCTOR BLADE GRAVURE PRINTING INTAGLIO PROCESS PHOTOGRAVURE

ROTOGRAVURE PAPER Printing paper for the rotogravure process must be a smoothed paper that is also soft and supple to accept ink at high speeds from the engraved areas of the rotogravure cylinders and ensure uniform trapping. As a result, the paper used is typically a highly calendered, coated or uncoated paper that has a high ash content. The rotogravure process is used for printing of magazines and reviews, catalogues, brochures, inserts, and other publications and pieces requiring long production runs. See also COATED PAPER PAPER

ROUGH LAYOUT A preliminary sketch of a graphic design concept, or a proposed design. It may be sketched in colored pencil on tracing paper. Also, a preliminary arrangement of dummy text and graphics on a page. The rough layout is usually done in order to better visualize the concept and the arrangement and size of copy and graphics. A rough layout is also called esquisse and rough. See also ART GRAPHIC GREEK TEXT LAYOUT

ROUND BACK A term used to describe a case-bound book that has a curved surface at its spine and a concave surface at its opposite (opening) edge. The curvature applies to the combined text block and cover. It is readily apparent if the book is viewed from either its top or bottom end. The round back is formed by running the trimmed text through a rounder-backer. See also CASE CASEBOUND SPINE SQUARE BACK TEXT BLOCK

ROUTING The process of removing the non-printing areas from a printing plate for use in used in a letterpress. See also LETTERPRESS PRINTING PLATE

ROYAL A size of printing paper of dimensions 19"×28" to 20"×25". See also BASIS SIZE PAGE SIZE

ROYAL OCTAVO A book format having dimensions of about 6¼"×10" untrimmed.

ROYAL QUARTO A book format having dimensions of about 10"×12½" untrimmed.

ROYALTY A percentage of the gross or net sales of all copies of a book paid to its author in accordance with the agreement negotiated between author and publisher. It is money paid to the owner of the copyright, who usually is the author, for the right to publish his work. A typical royalty rate is 10% of net sales on hardcover books after all discounts have been deducted. Many agreements specify a schedule of percentages, which decline as cumulative volume rises. In others, a higher percentage applies once a certain, specified number of copies have been sold. Royalties paid on paperback are generally lower. Payments of 4% to 8% are common. See also ACCOUNTING AND PAYMENTS CLAUSE ADVANCE ROYALTY COPYRIGHT NET RECEIPTS PERMISSION RIGHT VANITY PRESS

R.R. BOWKER COMPANY See BOWKER

RUB-PROOF A term to describe a condition in which a printed ink has achieved maximum dryness and will not smudge or scratch from normal abrasion. See also DRIER INK

RUBY A printing term in Great Britain for a 5½-point type, a size almost equal to that of the American agate. See also AGATE DIDOT POINTS POINT TYPE SIZE

RULE In graphics and desktop publishing, a thin horizontal or vertical line used in design to separate columns of text, sections, parts of a table, or other elements of a page, or simply to improve the look of the page. For example, footnotes often appear below a short rule to separate them from the main text on the page. Rules can be solid, screened, or vignetted in black or colored ink. Their thickness is usually measured in points or millimeters. See also GRID POINT VIGNETTE

RULER In word processing and desktop publishing, an onscreen horizontal scale that is marked off in inches, points, picas, or centimeters. It is used to show the width of the printed text area, margins, tab settings, paragraph indents, etc. It is sometimes termed the ruler line. See also GRID LINE GAUGE PICA POINT TAB STOP

RUNAROUND Another term for wraparound. See WRAPAROUND

RUN IN In printing, matter that is added to text without indenting for a new paragraph. Also, to delete a space between elements of type in order that one follows the other directly. Finally, a proofreader's note to not break the flow of the text, as with a new paragraph. See also PROOFREADER'S MARKS

RUNNABILITY A term used in reference to how well paper runs through a printing press or papermaking machine. The properties of paper that determine how smoothly it runs on a printing press. Also, how easily cartons run on automatic packaging lines. See also PAPER

RUNNING COPY The text or body copy of an article or story. See also BODY COPY COPY TEXT

RUNNING FOOT Printed copy that is repeated as a footer at the bottom of each page below the main text. It consists of such elements as page number, chapter name, book title, author's name, folio, date, etc. Running foot is also termed footer. See also FOOTER RUNNING HEAD

RUNNING HEAD Printed copy that is repeated as a header at the top of each page above the main text. It usually is one line of text consisting of the chapter or book title and, perhaps, the page number. Running heads are usually included in a book to help remind the reader of the chapter that he is reading. The running heads of a dictionary usually indicate the first and last entries on each page. Running head is also termed header. See also HEADER HEADLINE RUNNING FOOT

RUNNING TEXT Any text, whether phrase or chapter title, etc., which is repeated at the top or bottom of each page. See also RUNNING FOOT RUNNING HEAD