U&lc An abbreviation for upper and lower case. Also termed caps and lower case. See CAPS AND LOWER CASE UPPERCASE LOWERCASE

ULRICH'S PERIODICALS DIRECTORY Considered to be the premier source worldwide for those wishing to find magazines, journals, newspapers, newsletters, other periodicals, and serials, it contains nearly 250,000 entries. Although owned by Bowker, it bears the name of Carly Ulrich, a librarian and author, who served as Chief of the Periodicals Division of the New York Public Library from 1922 until her retirement in 1946. Ulrich produced in 1932 the first edition of Periodicals Directory: A Classified Guide to a Selected List of Current Periodicals Foreign and Domestic. This was the forerunner to the current directory. Further information is available on the Internet at www.ulrichsweb.com See also BOWKER NEW YORK PUBLIC LIBRARY PERIODICAL

ULTRABOLD TYPE Type that is more pronounced than conventional bold type. Ultrabold type is also termed black type. See also BOLDFACE LIGHTFACE TYPE

UMLAUT A diacritic, such as two dots, used over a vowel to indicate a change in vowel sound. (e.g., ä, ë, ï, ö, ü). See also ACCENT CHARACTER DIACRITICAL MARK PUNCTUATION

UNAUTHORIZED EDITION A book or other publication that has been printed without the permission of its author or original publisher. See other AUTHOR'S EDITION EDITION INFRINGEMENT INVASION OF PRIVACY

UNBOUND In bookbinding and publishing, unbound indicates that the object has never been bound, as used in unbound sheets. Unbound differs from disbound, which means that a binding has been removed. See also BINDING SHEET

UNCALENDERED Paper that has not been subjected to a calendering stage in its manufacture. Such paper lacks the smooth and glossy finish resulting from the friction, temperature, and pressure experienced during calendering. See also CALENDERED PAPER CALENDERING GLOSS FINISH

UNCOATED A term descriptive of paper to which no finish, glossy or matte, has been applied. Because no clay has been added, the paper has a more porous printing surface. Such paper is also termed offset paper. See also COATED PAPER EGGSHELL FINISH GLOSS FINISH CHINA CLAY MATTE OFFSET PAPER

UNCORRECTED PROOF The product of a pre-publication printing for editorial use or supply to a reviewer. Uncorrected proofs are typically produced in plain wrappers. See also GALLEYS PROOF

UNCUT A term that describes the edges of a book in their untrimmed state. An uncut book has edges that are uneven to some degree. See also DECKLE EDGES UNOPENED

UNDELETE In word processing, to restore information previously deleted. An undelete command is comparable to an undo command and is usually included in it. However, undo reverses any previous act, whereas undelete only restores a deletion. See also DELETE

UNDERCOLOR REMOVAL (UCR) A technique for adding detail by replacing equal percentages of cyan, magenta, and yellow inks in the printing process with black ink. This is similar to Gray Component Replacement (GCR), but is applied only to neutral areas of the printed image. This can be accomplished manually by making changes to color separation films or digitally by editing software. See also IMAGE CMYK COLOR SEPARATION EDITING SUBTRACTIVE PRIMARY COLORS

UNDERLINE To create a line at, or slightly below, the baseline of one or more letters, words, or sentences. Underlining is a method of adding emphasis. However, with the advent of bold and italic faces, it is less used today. See also BASELINE BOLDFACE EMPHASIS ITALIC UNDERSCORE

UNDELIVERABLE A term in mail order or fulfillment to describe mail or products that have been returned by the USPS (or other carrier) because the addresses to which they were sent are invalid or incomplete. The term also applies to orders, which cannot be filled, because the customers' addresses are illegible or incomplete. See also FULFILLMENT MAIL ORDER

UNDERRUN A printing run of fewer copies of the book, publication, etc., than were ordered is termed an under run. It is generally considered acceptable for a printer to underrun or overrun a job by up to 10% of the quantity ordered. See also OVERRUN

UNDERS The difference between the number of printed pieces ordered and the number actually printed when the production of printed pieces is less than the quantity that was ordered. See also OVERS OVERRUN UNDERRUN

UNDERSCORE To underline. To create a line beneath type, whether a letter, word, or sentence. Underscoring generally serves to add emphasis. See also EMPHASIS UNDERLINE

UNDERSTATEMENT A form of irony in which something is represented by intention much less strongly than the facts would justify. A setting forth or recounting in restrained, moderate, or weak terms. See also IRONY

UNGLAZED Paper that has not been calendered. See CALENDERED PAPER CALENDERING GLAZED PAPER

UNICIALS A style of manuscript lettering used for drawing Roman letters during the Middle Ages. Unicals are a highly rounded form of lettering without capitals. They were popular from the fourth century to the eighth century. See also MANUSCRIPT ROMAN

UNIT In publishing, an individual printed piece, whether a book, magazine, or other publication. See also PIECE

UNIT COST In printing, the unit cost is the total cost per printed book (or other publication). It is calculated by adding the variable costs to the fixed costs and dividing the resulting total by the total number of books, or other units, produced. The unit cost includes the expense of ink, paper, color separations, printing cylinders or plates, etc. See also DIRECT COSTS FIXED COST VARIABLE COST

UNITED STATES COPYRIGHT OFFICE (USCO) A department of the Library of Congress, the United States Copyright Office administers the copyright law and creates and maintains a public record by registering claims and recording documents, including those related to compulsory licenses. In addition, it provides technical assistance to the Congress and Executive Branch agencies, including drafting of copyright legislation, provides information services to the public, and serves as a resource to the domestic and international copyright communities, Finally, the Copyright Office obtains and makes available deposits for the Library's collection. In 1870, copyright functions were centralized in the Library of Congress under the Librarian of Congress. (Until then, clerks of U.S. District Courts recorded claims.) The Copyright Office became a separate department of the Library of Congress in 1897. See also COPYRIGHT COPYRIGHT NOTICE COPYRIGHT PAGE INFRINGEMENT

UNITY An important design consideration. When creating a design, it is important that all parts appear as if they belong together. This is unity. In order to achieve this, a designer can control the type style by using only one style. Further, he or she employs only a few different shapes, as too many shapes can be confusing. See also BALANCE GOLDEN RATIO RHYTHM

UNIVERSAL COPYRIGHT CONVENTION The convention signed at Geneva on September 6, 1952 and revised at Paris on July 24, 1971, and Berne in March, 1986, assures protection by all participating countries for the rights of authors and other copyright holders in literary, scientific, software, and artistic works, including writing, musical, dramatic and cinematographic works, and paintings, sculptures, and engravings. It prohibits use of text, photographs or illustrations, etc., created by another without permission of the copyright holder. In turn, a publication should bear the © mark for copyright, the name of the originator, and the year of publication. See also COPYRIGHT RIGHT

UNIVERSAL DISCOUNT A discount based on the total number of books ordered, regardless of titles, rather than the number of a particular title ordered. A discount applicable to a universal order. A universal discount enables a buyer to mix and match titles in order to qualify for the greatest discount. See DISCOUNTS

UNIVERSAL ORDER A reference to a "mix and match" order of a bookseller or other customer that qualifies for the highest volume discount available for his book order. That is, the order is subject to a sliding scale of discounts offered to the customer based on the total number of volumes ordered, rather than the number of titles or the number of units per title. See DISCOUNTS UNIVERSAL DISCOUNT

UNIVERSITY PRESS A publisher associated with a university or college. University presses do not publish college newspapers, yearbooks, or course notes. They are publishers who acquire, develop, produce, and sell books and journals. However, unlike commercial publishers driven by a profit motive, the mission of a university press is to publish works of scholarly, intellectual, or creative merit. As a result, many of the books published by university presses are intended for scholars or other people involved in specific fields of research. Nevertheless, many university presses print books of a more general interest, in addition to scholarly books. These may be books of history, poetry, fiction translated from other languages, or simply books of regional interest. As mainstream publishers concentrate increasingly on best-selling books, they leave more titles and subject areas open for the university presses. As a result, one can find general interest titles from university presses, as well as bestsellers, at the local bookstore. Because university presses serve the public good by disseminating knowledge, they are granted not-for-profit status. See also ACADEMIC REPRINT PUBLISHER

UNIVERSAL PRODUCT CODE (UPC) The familiar 11-digit bar code consisting of machine-readable vertical bars of varying thickness with the numbers, which they represent, appearing below them. The first 5 digits of a UPC denotes the manufacturer and the second 5 digits denotes the product (the company's discretion). In the USA, an 11th digit describes the industry. Negatives of the UPC for reproduction can be ordered in any of several sizes. See also BARCODE ISBN ISSN SKU

UNJUSTIFIED A term applicable to a block of text in which the lines of type have not been made flush with the right and/or and left margins of the page, or centered. Lines of type have not been set to the same length. As a result, letterspacing and wordspacing of unjustified text varies less than in justified text. Unjustified text has a somewhat ragged appearance in comparison to the neater look of justified text. See also JUSTIFIED RAGGED TEXT BLOCK

UNOPENED A term applicable to any book that contains signatures, which have never been cut. Unlike an untrimmed book, which contains pages having uneven edges, an unopened book still has the folds of the original gathering. Many of its pages cannot be read unless they are first cut open with a knife or scissors. An unopened book is particularly attractive to some collectors, who prefer that it to never have been read. See also SIGNATURE TRIM UNCUT

UNSOLICITED MANUSCRIPT Any manuscript submitted to a publishing house in the absence of an earlier specific request from an editor to do so. See also MANUSCRIPT READER OVER-THE-TRANSOM SLUSH

UP In printing, a word used when indicating the number of copies of the same page or image that are printed on one sheet, and cut into separate pieces following the printing. For example, four-up means that the sheet fed through the printing press will be printed with four separate and complete impressions of the page, poster, label, or other item being produced. Typically, the smaller the impression is, the greater will be the number of impressions printed on one sheet. In editorial matters, the word is often used as a verb to mean to set in upper case. For example, one might up the Pope but down the congressman. See also BASIS SIZE GANG GANG RUN IMPOSITION IMPRESSION STEP-AND-REPEAT

UPLOAD To copy or transfer a file or program from the computer that one is using to another computer on the network, whether on an intranet or the Internet, using modem and communications software. See also DOWNLOAD FILE

UPPERCASE The capital letters of a typeface, such as A, B, C, D, rather than lowercase (a, b, c, d)) or small caps. The origin of the term uppercase is attributed to the cases or divided drawers in which metal type was kept during the early days of letterpress printing. The type for capital letters was normally kept in the upper case (divided drawer) while the small letters were kept in the lower case (divided drawers). See also CAP HEIGHT CAPITALS CASE SENSITIVE LETTER LOWERCASE MAJUSCULE MIXED CASE

UP STYLE A reference to a common practice of capitalizing the first letter of each key word in a title or headline. CAPITALS HEADLINE

UV COATING An environmentally friendly, transparent, protective, finish applied to printed materials, particularly covers and jackets, as protection against chipping or scratching. UV coating is applied as a liquid and bonded by the use of ultraviolet light. See also GLOSS VARNISH SPOT VARNISH